Caspase inhibitors and uses thereof

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a compound of formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     wherein the variables are as defined herein. The present invention also provides processes for preparing the compounds of formula I, and intermediates thereof, pharmaceutical compositions comprising those compounds, and methods of using the compounds and compositions.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This present application claims the benefit, under 35 U.S.C. §119, toU.S. Provisional Application Nos. 60/548,610 filed Feb. 27, 2004;60/629,743 filed Nov. 19, 2004; and 60/629,661 filed Nov. 19, 2004; theentire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to compounds, and compositions thereof, that areuseful as caspase inhibitors.

This invention also relates to processes for preparing these compounds.

This invention further relates to pharmaceutical compositions comprisingsaid compounds and to the use of the compounds and compositions thereoffor the treatment of diseases and disorders related to caspase-mediatedconditions.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Caspases are a family of cysteine protease enzymes that are keymediators in inflammation. Caspase-1 (ICE) processes pre-IL-1β toproduce the active form of IL-1β [WO 99/47545]. ICE has also been linkedto the conversion of pro-IGIF to IGIF and/or to the production of IFN-γ[Id.]. Both IL-1β and IFN-γ contribute to the pathology associated withinflammatory, infectious, and autoimmune diseases (see, e.g., WO99/47545; J. Invest. Dermatology, 120(1), pp. 164-167 (2003); Br. J.Dermatology, 141, pp. 739-746 (1999); Science, 282, pp. 490-493 (1998);Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr., 130, pp. 1656-1661 (2000)].

Caspases are also key mediators in the signaling pathways for apoptosisand cell disassembly [N. A. Thornberry, Chem. Biol., 5, pp. R97-R103(1998)]. These signaling pathways vary depending on cell type andstimulus, but all apoptosis pathways appear to converge at a commoneffector pathway leading to proteolysis of key proteins. Caspases areinvolved in both the effector phase of the signaling pathway and furtherupstream at its initiation. The upstream caspases involved in initiationevents become activated and in turn activate other caspases that areinvolved in the later phases of apoptosis.

The utility of caspase inhibitors to treat a variety of mammaliandisease states associated with an increase in cellular apoptosis hasbeen demonstrated using peptidic caspase inhibitors. For example, inrodent models, caspase inhibitors have been shown to reduce infarct sizeand inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis after myocardial infarction, toreduce lesion volume and neurological deficit resulting from stroke, toreduce post-traumatic apoptosis and neurological deficit in traumaticbrain injury, to be effective in treating fulminant liver destruction,and to improve survival after endotoxic shock [H. Yaoita et al.,Circulation, 97, pp. 276-281 (1998); M. Endres et al., J. Cerebral BloodFlow and Metabolism, 18, pp. 238-247, (1998); Y. Cheng et al., J. Clin.Invest., 101, pp. 1992-1999 (1998); A. G. Yakovlev et al., J. Neurosci.,17, pp. 7415-7424 (1997); I. Rodriquez et al., J. Exp. Med., 184, pp.2067-2072 (1996); Grobmyer et al., Mol. Med., 5, p. 585 (1999)].

However, due to their peptidic nature, such inhibitors are typicallycharacterized by undesirable pharmacological properties, such as poorcellular penetration and cellular activity, poor oral absorption, poorstability and rapid metabolism [J. J. Plattner and D. W. Norbeck, inDrug Discovery Technologies, C. R. Clark and W. H. Moos, Eds. (EllisHorwood, Chichester, England, 1990), pp. 92-126]. This has hamperedtheir development into effective drugs. These and other studies withpeptidic caspase inhibitors have demonstrated that an aspartic acidresidue is involved in a key interaction with the caspase enzyme [K. P.Wilson et al., Nature, 370, pp. 270-275 (1994); Lazebnik et al., Nature,371, p. 346 (1994)].

Accordingly, peptidyl and non-peptidyl aspartic acid compounds areuseful as caspase inhibitors.

A need nevertheless exists for compounds that have the ability to act ascaspase inhibitors, particularly with selective activity against certaincaspases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a compound of formula I:

wherein the variables are as defined herein.

The present invention also provides processes for preparing thesecompounds, compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, and methods ofusing such compounds and compositions for inhibiting caspases. Thesecompounds are particularly useful as selective caspase-1/capase-8inhibitors.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention provides a compound of formula I:

wherein:

Y is

R is R³C(O)—, HC(O), R³SO₂—, R³OC(O), (R³)₂NC(O), (R³) (H)NC(O),R³C(O)C(O)—, R³—, (R³)₂NC(O)C(O), (R³) (H)NC(O)C(O), or R³OC(O)C(O)—;

R¹ is H, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,cycloalkyl-aliphatic-, cycloalkenyl-aliphatic-, aryl-aliphatic-,heterocyclyl-aliphatic-, or heteroaryl-aliphatic-, wherein any hydrogenatom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁸ and any set of twohydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independentlyreplaced by carbonyl;

Ring A is:

wherein, in each ring, any hydrogen atom is optionally and independentlyreplaced by R⁴ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atomis optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl;

R³ is aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclyl, heteroaryl,cycloaliphatic-aliphatic-, aryl-aliphatic-, heterocyclyl-aliphatic-, orheteroaryl-aliphatic-; or two R³ groups bound to the same atom formtogether with that atom a 3-10 membered aromatic or nonaromatic ring;wherein any ring is optionally fused to an aryl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl,or heterocyclyl; wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms may be replacedby a group selected from O, N, NR⁹, S, SO, and SO₂, wherein R³ issubstituted with up to 6 substituents independently selected from R⁸;

R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy,1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹,—C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹,—C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂,—C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹,—N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹,—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂,—N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹,—OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, or —P(O) (H)(OR⁹);

R² is —C(R⁵)(R⁶)(R⁷), aryl, heteroaryl, or C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl;

R⁵ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl;

R⁶ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl;

R⁷ is —CF₃, —C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or a C₁₋₆straight-chained or branched alkyl, wherein each carbon atom of thealkyl is optionally and independently substituted with R¹⁰;

Or R⁵ and R⁷ taken together with the carbon atom to which they areattached form a 3-10 membered cycloaliphatic;

R⁸ and R^(8′) are each independently halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃,—OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹,—SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹,—C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹,—N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹,—N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹,—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹,—C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂,—P(O)(OR⁹)₂, and —P(O) (H)(OR⁹);

R⁹ is hydrogen, aliphatic, cycloaliphatic, aryl, heterocyclyl,heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic-aliphatic-, aryl-aliphatic-,heterocyclyl-aliphatic-, or heteroaryl-aliphatic-; wherein any hydrogenatom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁸ and any set of twohydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independentlyreplaced by carbonyl;

R¹⁰ is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R¹¹, or —SR¹¹; whereinR¹¹ is C₁₋₄-aliphatic-.

The present invention also provides a compound of formula II:

wherein:

Y is

R¹ is H, aliphatic, cycloalkyl (e.g., cyclopentyl), cycloalkenyl, aryl,heterocyclyl, heteroaryl, cycloalkyl-aliphatic-cycloalkenyl-aliphatic-,aryl-aliphatic-, heterocyclyl-aliphatic-, or heteroaryl-aliphatic-,wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁸and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionallyand independently replaced by carbonyl;

Ring A is:

wherein, in each ring, any hydrogen atom is optionally and independentlyreplaced by R⁴ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atomis optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl (or in analternative embodiment, carbonyl or (C3-C6) spirocycle;)

R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₂, —OCF₂, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy,1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹,—C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹,—C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂,—C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹,—N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹,—N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R²)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂,—N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹,—OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, or —P(O) (H)(OR⁹);

R² is —C(R⁵)(R⁶)(R⁷), aryl, heteroaryl, or —C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl;

R⁵ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl;

R⁶ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl;

R⁷ is —CF₃, —C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or a C₁₋₆straight-chained or branched alkyl, wherein each carbon atom of thealkyl is optionally and independently substituted with R¹⁰;

(or in an alternative embodiment, R⁵ and R⁷ taken together with thecarbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-10 memberedcycloaliphatic);

R³ is phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine, wherein each ring is optionallysubstituted with up to 5 groups independently selected from R^(8′), andwherein at least one position on the phenyl, thiophene, or pyridineadjacent to bond x is substituted by R¹², wherein R¹² has no more than 5straight-chained atoms;

R⁸ and R^(8′) are each independently halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃,—OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹,—SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹,—C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹,—C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹,—N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹,—N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹,—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹,—C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂,—P(O)(OR⁹)₂, and —P(O) (H)(OR⁹);

R⁹ is hydrogen, aliphatic, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, heterocyclyl,heteroaryl, cycloaliphatic-aliphatic-, aryl-aliphatic-,heterocyclyl-aliphatic-, or heteroaryl-aliphatic-; (in certainembodiments, any hydrogen atom of R⁹ is optionally and independentlyreplaced by R⁸ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atomis optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; provided that ifR⁹ is substituted with a R⁸, wherein the R⁸ comprises a R⁹ substituent,then that R⁹ substituent is not substituted with R⁸);

R¹⁰ is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R¹¹, or —SR¹¹;

R¹¹ is C₁₋₄-aliphatic-; and

R¹² is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R¹¹, —SR⁹.

As used in the definition of R¹², “straight-chained atoms” refers toatoms that are linearly bound, regardless of whether those atoms alsohave atoms bound in a branched fashion. According to this definition, anethyl group and a trifluoromethoxy group each have threestraight-chained atoms, and a methyl group has two straight-chainedatoms. In the above embodiment, R¹² has no more than 5 straight-chainedatoms. In two other embodiments, R¹² has no more than 4 straight-chainedatoms and no more than 3 straight-chained atoms. In yet otherembodiments, R¹² has 2 straight-chained atoms or 1 atom.

As used herein, a position adjacent to the bond x refers to a positionwhich is located next to the position at which x is bound. In an arylring, this position is often called “the ortho position” or, in the caseof a phenyl ring, it may be called “the 2-position”. By way of example,in the structures immediately below, R¹² is bound to the phenyl,thiophene, and pyridine rings at “the position adjacent to bond x”.

In one embodiment of this invention, R is R³C(O)—.

In some embodiments, R³ is optionally substituted C₆₋₁₀aryl orheteroaryl. In other embodiments R³ is optionally substituted phenyl. Inyet other embodiments, R³ is a 8-10 membered optionally substitutedheteroaryl (i.e. quinoline, isoquinoline, or quinazoline) In yet otherembodiments, R³ is an optionally substituted 5-6 membered heteroaryl(i.e., pyridyl, pyrimidyl, pyrazinyl, thiophenyl, furanyl, thiazolyl).

In some embodiments, R³ is optionally and independently substituted by0-5 R^(8′) groups.

In one embodiment, the compound of this invention is represented byformula II:

wherein:

-   -   a)R³ is phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine;    -   b) each ring is optionally substituted with up to 5 groups        independently selected from R^(8′); and    -   c) at least one position on the phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine        adjacent to bond x is substituted by R¹², wherein R¹² has no        more than 5 straight-chained atoms.

Another embodiment of this invention provides a compound wherein Y is:

In one embodiment of this invention, R¹ is substituted with up to 3groups selected independently from carbonyl and R⁸.

In another embodiment, R¹ is C₁₋₁₂aliphatic or C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, whereineach R¹ is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selected independentlyfrom R⁸. In yet another embodiment, R¹ is a straight-chain or branchedC₁₋₄ alkyl that is optionally substituted with 1-3 groups selectedindependently from R⁸.

In one embodiment, R¹ is an unsubstituted, straight-chain or branchedC₁₋₄ alkyl (e.g., ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, or n-butyl). In anotherembodiment, R¹ is ethyl.

In any of these embodiments, R⁸ is halogen, —OR⁹, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, or—R⁹. In another embodiment wherein R⁸ is —R⁹, that R⁹ is benzyl.

In another embodiment, Y is

In another embodiment, Ring A is substituted with up to 3 groups(preferably, 1 group) selected independently from carbonyl and R⁴.

In one embodiment, Ring A is:

optionally substituted with R⁴.

In yet another embodiment, Ring A is:

optionally substituted with R⁴.

In another form of this embodiment, Ring A is unsubstituted proline(i.e., R⁴ is hydrogen).

In yet another embodiment, Ring A is:

optionally substituted with R⁴.

In one embodiment, Ring A is

optionally substituted with R⁴.

In any of these embodiments, R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, or—SR⁹. In certain embodiments R⁴ is H.

In one embodiment, R² is a C₃₋₄ branched alkyl group.

In another embodiment, R⁵ is H or —CH₃, R⁶ is —CH₃, and R⁷ is —CH₃.

In another embodiment, R¹² is —OCF₃, —OCH₃, —CF₃, —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —Cl, or—F.

In yet another embodiment, R¹² is —CF₃, —CH₃, —Cl, or —F.

In yet another embodiment, R¹² is —CH₃, —Cl, or —F.

In another embodiment, each R^(8′), if present, is independentlyhalogen, —OR⁹NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy,1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)R⁹,—C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹,—N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, or—N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂.

In another embodiment, R^(8′) is —NH₂, —N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —OCF₃,—OR⁹, —CF₃, —R⁹, —SR⁹ or halo. In this embodiment, halo is, preferably,Cl or F and R⁹ is, preferably, straight or branched C₁₋₄ alkyl.

According to one embodiment, this invention provides compounds offormula III:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein.

In one form of this embodiment, the compound has the stereochemistryindicated below:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein.

In other forms of this embodiment, the compound has the stereochemistryindicated below:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein.

According to another embodiment, this invention provides compound offormula IV:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein.

In one form of this embodiment, the compound has the stereochemistryindicated below:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein.

The embodiments herein may be combined to provide a compound accordingto this invention.

According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a compoundselected from Table 1 below:

TABLE 1

According to another embodiment, the present invention provides acompound of formula II selected from Table 2 below:

TABLE 2

In certain embodiments of this invention, the variable definitions areselected from those depicted in the compounds of Table 1 and/or Table 2.

As used herein, a specified number atoms includes any integer therein.For example, a group having from 1-4 atoms, could have 1, 2, 3, or 4atoms.

As used herein, an aliphatic group includes straight-chained andbranched groups having the specified number of atoms. If the number ofatoms is unspecified, the aliphatic group has from 1 to 12 carbon atoms.As would be understood, alkenyl and/or alkynyl aliphatic groups have aminimum of 2 carbon atoms. Preferred aliphatic groups are alkyl groups(preferably having from 1 to 6 atoms).

Cycloalkyl and cycloalkenyl groups have between 3 and 10 carbon atomsand are monocyclic or bicyclic, including linearly fused, bridged, orspirocyclic.

As used herein, “aromatic group” or “aryl” refers to a 6-10-memberedring system that contains at least one aromatic ring. Examples ofaromatic rings include phenyl and naphthyl.

As used herein a “heteroaryl” refers to ring system having 5-10 membersand 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, N(R⁹), O, S,SO, and SO₂, wherein at least one ring is heteroaromatic (e.g., pyridyl,thiophene, or thiazole).

As used herein a “heterocycle” refers to ring system having 3-10 membersand 1, 2, or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, N(R⁹), O, S,SO, and SO₂, wherein no ring is aromatic (e.g., piperidine andmorpholine).

Further examples of heteroaryl rings include 2-furanyl, 3-furanyl,N-imidazolyl, 2-imidazolyl, 4-imidazolyl, 5-imidazolyl, benzimidazolyl,3-isoxazolyl, 4-isoxazolyl, 5-isoxazolyl, 2-oxazolyl, 4-oxazolyl,5-oxazolyl, N-pyrrolyl, 2-pyrrolyl, 3-pyrrolyl, 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl,4-pyridyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl(e.g., 3-pyridazinyl), 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, 5-thiazolyl, tetrazolyl(e.g., 5-tetrazolyl), triazolyl (e.g., 2-triazolyl and 5-triazolyl),2-thienyl, 3-thienyl, benzofuryl, benzothiophenyl, indolyl (e.g.,2-indolyl), pyrazolyl (e.g., 2-pyrazolyl), isothiazolyl,1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl,1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,2,3-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl,1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, purinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, quinolinyl(e.g., 2-quinolinyl, 3-quinolinyl, 4-quinolinyl), and isoquinolinyl(e.g., 1-isoquinolinyl, 3-isoquinolinyl, or 4-isoquinolinyl).

Further examples of heterocyclic rings include 3-1H-benzimidazol-2-one,3-(1-alkyl)-benzimidazol-2-one, 2-tetrahydrofuranyl,3-tetrahydrofuranyl, 2-tetrahydrothiophenyl, 3-tetrahydrothiophenyl,2-morpholino, 3-morpholino, 4-morpholino, 2-thiomorpholino,3-thiomorpholino, 4-thiomorpholino, 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl,3-pyrrolidinyl, 1-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 2-tetrahydropiperazinyl,3-tetrahydropiperazinyl, 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl,1-pyrazolinyl, 3-pyrazolinyl, 4-pyrazolinyl, 5-pyrazolinyl,1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl, 4-piperidinyl,2-thiazolidinyl, 3-thiazolidinyl, 4-thiazolidinyl, 1-imidazolidinyl,2-imidazolidinyl, 4-imidazolidinyl, 5-imidazolidinyl, indolinyl,tetrahydroquinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, benzothiolane,benzodithiane, and 1,3-dihydro-imidazol-2-one.

Each of the above aliphatic, aryl, cycloaliphatic, heteroaryl, andheterocyclyl may contain appropriate substituents (preferably up to 5)independently selected from, for example, carbonyl and R⁸. Preferredsubstituents are halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, oxo, —OR⁹,—O-benzyl, —O-phenyl, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂,—C(O)R⁸, —COOR⁹ or —CON(R⁹)₂, wherein R⁹ is defined herein (and ispreferably H, (C1-C6)-alkyl, or (C2-C6)-alkenyl and alkynyl), with(C1-C6)-alkyl being most preferred). It should be understood that thisdefinition would include a perfluorinated alkyl group.

It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that certain compounds ofthis invention may exist in tautomeric forms or hydrated forms, all suchforms of the compounds being within the scope of the invention. Unlessotherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant to includeall stereochemical forms of the structure; i.e., the R and Sconfigurations for each asymmetric center. Therefore, singlestereochemical isomers as well as enantiomeric and diastereomericmixtures of the present compounds are within the scope of the invention.

Unless otherwise stated, structures depicted herein are also meant toinclude compounds that differ only in the presence of one or moreisotopically enriched atoms. For example, compounds having the presentstructures except for the replacement of a hydrogen by a deuterium ortritium, or the replacement of a carbon by a ¹³C- or ¹⁴C-enriched carbonare within the scope of this invention.

The compounds of this invention may be obtained by any method, includinggeneral, synthetic methods known to those skilled in the art foranalogous compounds (see e.g., WO 99/47545). For the purposes ofillustration, the following Schemes for the synthesis of the compoundsof the present invention are provided.

The following abbreviations are used:

EDC is 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimideHOBt is 1-hydroxybenzotriazoleTHF is tetrahydrofuranTFA is trifluoroacetic acidDCM is dichloromethaneDMAP is 4-dimethylaminopyridineDIPEA is diisopropylethylamineDMF is dimethylformamideTFA is trifluoroacetic acidZ is benzyloxycarbonyl¹H NMR is nuclear magnetic resonanceTLC is thin layer chromatography

Scheme I depicts a general route to prepare the compounds E and Fdisclosed in this invention. The amino group of species A, readilyobtained from reduction of the α-carboxylic group of aspartic acid(protected with PG₁ as an ester), is coupled to the carboxylic acidmoiety of species B (N-protected with PG₂) to give species C. PG₁ andPG₂ are orthogonal protecting groups (i.e., protecting groups where aprotecting group may be selectively removed in the presence of anotherprotecting group. Ideally, PG₁ should be able to be removed withoutremoving PG₂ and vice versa). Here, the aspartate part of the moleculeis then manipulated in anoxidation/ketalisation/deprotection/cyclisation sequence to give speciesD. The Ring A portion of D is then functionalized further to givespecies E which is part of the disclosed invention. Deprotection of theketal gives species F which represent the other part of the disclosedinvention.

In various embodiments of this invention, PG₂ is a suitable amineprotecting group, including but not limited to, the amine protectinggroups described in T. W. Greene & P. G. M Wutz, “Protective Groups inOrganic Synthesis”, 3^(rd) Edition, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1999 andother editions) (“Greene”). A “Z” protecting group (benzyloxycarbonyl)is a particularly useful N-protecting group for use in connection withthis invention. In compounds wherein PG₂ is protecting the nitrogen of aproline, PG₂ is preferably Z. It should be understood that modified Zgroups (“Z-type protecting groups”) employed in connection with thecompounds and processes of this invention would also fall within thescope of this invention. For example, Z could be substituted at the CH₂group or the phenyl group with R⁸ (preferably halo or C₁₋₆straight-chained or branched alkyl) to provide a Z-type protectinggroup.

In various embodiments of this invention, PG₁ is a suitable carboxylicacid protecting group, including but not limited to the acid protectinggroups described in Greene. In certain embodiments, PG₁ is C₁₋₆straight-chained or branched alkyl group. A t-butyl group is aparticularly useful acid protecting group for use in connection withthis invention.

In Scheme I, compound A is a modified aspartic acid residue. In additionto compound A, other modified aspartic acid residues, including thefollowing, have been reported:

wherein, PG₃ and PG₄ are appropriate protecting groups. These modifiedaspartic acids may be prepared by methods known to skilledpractitioners. See, for example, United States Patent ApplicationPublication US 2002/0042376 (especially page 9, paragraph [0121] andpages 21-22, paragraph [0250] and the documents cited at paragraph[0123]) and U.S. Pat. No. 6,235,899. See also, C. Gros et al.“Stereochemical control in the preparation of α-aminoN-methylthiazolidine Masked Aldehydes used for Peptide AldehydeSynthesis” Tetrahedron, 58, pp. 2673-2680 (2002); K. T. Chapman,“Synthesis of a Potent Reversible Inhibitor of Interleukin-β ConvertingEnzyme” Bioorg. Med. Chem. Letts., 2, pp. 613-618 (1982); M. D. Mullicanet al. “The Synthesis and Evaluation of Peptidyl Aspartyl Aldehydes asInhibitors of ICE'” 4, pp. 2359-2364 (1994); M. H. Chen, et al. “AnEfficient Stereoselective Synthesis of[3S(1S,9S)]-3-[[[9-(Benzoylamino)octahydro-6,10-Dioxo-6H-pyridazino-(1,2-a)(1,2)-Diazepin-1-yl]-carbonyl]amino]-4-oxobutanoicacid, an interleukin converting enzyme (ICE) Inhibitor” 9, pp. 1587-1592(1999). Accordingly, Scheme I (and also Scheme III below) could bemodified to use these other aspartic acid residues.

Scheme II depicts formation of compounds of formula I and II, whereinRing A is unsubstituted proline. Here the cyclic acetal form of acompound of this invention is depicted as formula I and the aldehydeform is depicted as formula II. Compounds having a Ring A other thanunsubstituted proline could be substituted in the methods depicted inScheme I.

Scheme II depicts the routes utilized to prepare compounds of formulae Iand II. Compounds I can be prepared from compounds 1 by condensation ofthe amino group in 1 with the suitably functionalized carboxylic acid(or derivative). In this step, standard coupling reagents to form amidebonds have been depicted; other conditions known in the art to formamide bonds can also be used.

As known to skilled practitioners, a carboxylic acid (—C(O)OH) can becoupled to the amine under appropriate conditions for coupling aminesand carboxylic acids. Alternatively, in such couplings, a carboxylicacid derivative (—C(O)X) may be employed instead of the carboxylic acid.It should be understood that in the context of coupling an amine and acarboxylic acid derivative, the derivative would activate the acid tofacilitate coupling to an amine. Appropriate X groups are essentiallyleaving groups and are known to skilled practitioners. “March's AdvancedOrganic Chemistry”, 5^(th) Ed., Ed.: Smith, M. B. and March, J., JohnWiley & Sons, New York: 2001.

Typical conditions for coupling an amine and an acid include combining asuitable solvent, a carboxylic acid, a base, and a peptide-couplingreagent. Examples of suitable conditions are described in US2002/0042376and WO 01/81330, the entireties of which are hereby incorporated byreference. In certain embodiments, the conditions are as described inthe Schemes and Examples herein.

Examples of appropriate derivatives include, but are not limited to,compounds of the formula RX wherein X is Cl, F, OC(═O)R″ (R″ isaliphatic or aryl), SH, SR, SAr, or SeAr. In some embodiments R isC(═O). Suitable conditions for using these appropriate derivatives areknown in the art.

Scheme III depicts a possible route to prepare compounds 7 and compounds1 described in scheme I. Compound 2, readily obtained from reduction ofthe α-carboxylic group of aspartic acid, is coupled to N-protectedproline (or other ring, wherein Ring A is other than unsubstitutedproline) to form 3. Here, the proline is N-protected with a Z(benzyloxycarbonyl) group. Compounds 3 are then oxidized into thealdehydes 4 which are acetalized in situ to give the acetals 5. Acetalscan be formed in the presence of R¹—OH (or a suitable acetal formingreagent), a protic acid (for example, TsOH), or a Lewis acid, and asuitable solvent. Examples of suitable acetal forming reagents that formcompounds wherein R¹ is ethyl can be considered ethanol equivalents andinclude, but are not limited to, triethylorthoformate or adiethylacetal, such as a (CH₃)₂C(OCH₂CH₃)₂. Preferably, the solvent isCH₂Cl₂, toluene, or chlorobenzene. Appropriate protic acids include, butare not limited to, TFA, p-TsOH. Appropriate Lewis acids include, butare not limited to TiCl₄, MgBr₂, and ZnCl₂.

In Scheme III, the oxidation of compounds 3 to compounds 4 is depictedas being done under Swern conditions. Other oxidation conditions mayalso be employed to prepare compounds of this invention. Preferredoxidation conditions are those that a mild and relatively quick tominimize epimerization at the acid side chain of the modified asparticacid residue. In one embodiment, the oxidation step is a TEMPO oxidation(see Example I-1, Method C, below). Other oxidation conditions include aDess-Martin oxidation and a tetrapropylammonium perruthenate (TPAP)oxidation.

Aldehydes 4 may be isolated but are preferably carried through directlyto 5 without isolation. Deprotection of the tert-butyl ester (in 5) isaccompanied by spontaneous ring cyclization to give a mixture ofdiastereoisomers which were separated by column chromatography to givethe enantiomerically pure syn ketals 6 and anti ketals (not representedin this scheme). The deprotection may be done under protic acid or Lewisacid conditions in an appropriate solvent. Appropriate solvents include,but are not limited to, toluene, chlorobenzene, and DCM. Appropriateprotic acids include, but are not limited to, TFA, p-TsOH. AppropriateLewis acids include, but are not limited to TiCl₄, MgBr₂, and ZnCl₂. Forclarity of the scheme, only syn ketals are represented in the next stepsto form compounds 7 and 1 but the same sequence may be used to form antiketals. Compounds 6 are submitted to hydrogenolysis and the resultingcompounds 7 are reacted with Z-protected aminoacids, using conditionsknown in the art to prepare amide bonds, to yield compounds 9. Compounds7 may be generated and used in situ. If isolated, it is preferable touse compounds 7 relatively soon after generation. Compounds 9 arefinally submitted to hydrogenolysis to give compounds I, which can beused directly to prepare compounds I, as depicted in Scheme II.

Alternatively, compounds 7 can be used to prepare compounds I, asdepicted in Scheme II. In this preparation, an amino acid residue andthe desired N-terminal group is prepared in one step (see, Scheme II,reaction (b)).

As described in connection with Scheme I, aspartic acid derivativesother than compounds 2 can be employed to obtain compounds of thisinvention.

Scheme IV depicts formation of compounds of formula III and IV, whereinRing A is 2-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]-heptane-3-carboxylic acid. Here thecyclic acetal form of a compound of this invention is depicted asformula III and the aldehyde form is depicted as formula IV. Scheme IVdepicts the routes utilized to prepare compounds of formulae III and IV.Compounds III can be prepared from compounds 11 by condensation of theamino group in 11 under conditions to provide the desired R group, suchas suitably functionalized carboxylic acid (or derivative), sulfonicacid (or derivative), chloroformate or carbamoyl chloride (orisocyanate), for example, under appropriate reaction condition. In thisstep, standard coupling reagents to form CO—NH bonds have been depicted;other conditions known in the art to form CO—NH (or alkyl-N, or SO₂—N)bonds can also be used to provide the desired compound comprising R—N.Alternatively, compounds I can be prepared from compounds 17 bycondensation of the amino group in 17 with the suitably functionalizedcarboxylic acid (or derivative), sulfonic acid (or derivative),chloroformate or carbamoyl chloride (or isocyanate). In this step,standard coupling reagents to form CO—NH bonds have been depicted; otherconditions known in the art to form CO—NH bonds can also be used.

Scheme V depicts a possible route to prepare compounds 17 and compounds11 described in scheme III. Compound 2, readily obtained from reductionof the α-carboxylic group of aspartic acid, is coupled to N-protected2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylic acid 10 (prepared as inTetrahedron: Asymmetry, 13, 2002, 25-28) to form 13. Compound 13 is thenoxidized into the aldehyde 14 which is acetalized in situ to give theacetals 15. Deprotection of the tert-butyl ester is accompanied byspontaneous ring cyclization to give a mixture of diastereoisomers whichwere separated by column chromatography to give the enantiomericallypure syn ketals 16 and anti ketals (not represented in this scheme).Alternative Ring A groups are either commercially available, reported inthe literature, or may be prepared according to methods known in theliterature.

For clarity of the scheme, only syn ketals are represented in the nextsteps to form compounds 17 and 11 but the same sequence may be used toform anti ketals. Compounds 16 are submitted to hydrogenolysis and theresulting compounds 17 are reacted with Z-protected aminoacids, usingconditions known in the art to prepare amide bonds, to yield compounds19.

Alternatively, compounds 17 can be used to prepare compounds III, asdepicted in Scheme IV. Compounds 19 are finally submitted tohydrogenolysis to give compounds 11, which can be used directly toprepare compounds III, as depicted in Scheme IV.

The R³COOH used in Scheme II are either commercially available, reportedin the literature, or prepared according to methods known in theliterature. For compound II-30, 2-chloro-3-methoxybenzoic acid wasprepared as in J. Org. Chem., 59, 1994, 2939-2944.

For compound II-32, 2-chloro-3-trifluoromethoxybenzoic acid was preparedfrom 2-amino-3-trifluoromethoxybenzoic acid (prepared as in J. Org.Chem., 68, 2003, 4693-4699) using a Sandmeyer replacement of the aminogroup by a chloro, according to a method substantially similar to theone reported in J. Org. Chem., 59, 1994, 2939-2944.

Accordingly, this invention also provides a process for preparing acompound of this invention.

In one embodiment is provided a process for preparing a compound offormula I:

wherein Y is:

and the other variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein;

comprising reacting a compound of formula 1:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein;and a compound of formula RX, wherein X is OH or an appropriatederivative (i.e., leaving group), in the presence of conditions forcoupling an amine and an acid (when X is OH) or an amine and anappropriate acid derivative (when X is not OH (i.e., a leaving group;for example, Cl) to provide the compound of formula I.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula I:

wherein Y is:

and the other variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein;

comprising reacting a compound of formula 7:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein,and a compound of formula RNHCH(R²)C(O)X, wherein X is OH or anappropriate derivative, in the presence of conditions for coupling anamine and an acid (when X is OH) or an appropriate acid derivative (whenX is not OH; for example, X is Cl) to provide the compound of formula I.

Yet another embodiment of this invention provides a process forpreparing a compound of formula II:

wherein the variables are as defined in any of the embodiments herein,comprising reacting a compound of formula I:

wherein Y is:

wherein R and R¹ are each independently as defined in any of theembodiments herein, under hydrolysis conditions, to provide the compoundof formula II. In certain embodiments, R is R³C(═O). In yet otherembodiments, when A is proline, R is R³C(═O). Hydrolysis conditions forconverting I to II are well known to skilled practitioners (see e.g.,Greene). Such conditions include an appropriate solvent (e.g.,acetonitrile) and aqueous acid (e.g., 2M HCl).

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 6-A:

wherein PG₂ is a suitable nitrogen protecting group and R¹ is as definedin any of the embodiments herein, comprising reacting a compound offormula 5-A:

under suitable ring cyclization conditions, to provide the compound offormula 6-A. Suitable ring cyclization conditions include an acid and asuitable solvent; for example, TFA in DCM.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 5-A:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 4-A:

in the presence of R¹—OH (or a suitable acetal forming reagent), proticor Lewis acid (for example, TsOH), and a suitable solvent to provide thecompound of formula 5-A.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 4-A:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 3-A:

under suitable oxidation conditions (for example, a Swern oxidation:Mancuso, A. J.; Swern, D. Synthesis, 1981, 165-185) to provide thecompound of formula 4-A. Preferred oxidation conditions include a TEMPOoxidation (see Example I-1, Method C, below).

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 3-A:

comprising:

reacting a compound of formula 2:

with a compound of formula 20-A:

under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X isOH), or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is not OH),to provide the compound of formula 3-A.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 6:

wherein PG₂ is a suitable nitrogen protecting group and R¹ is as definedin any of the embodiments herein, comprising reacting a compound offormula 5:

under suitable cyclization conditions, to provide the compound offormula 6.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 5:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 4:

in the presence of R¹—OH (or a suitable acetal forming reagent), proticor Lewis acid (for example, TsOH), and a suitable solvent to provide thecompound of formula 5. Preferably, the solvent is CH₂Cl₂, toluene, orchlorobenzene.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 4:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 3:

under suitable oxidation conditions (for example a Swern oxidation) toprovide the compound of formula 4. Preferred oxidation conditionsinclude a TEMPO oxidation (see Example I-1, Method C, below).

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 3:

comprising:

reacting a compound of formula 2:

with a compound of formula 20:

under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X isOH), or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is not OH),to provide the compound of formula 3.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 16:

wherein PG₂ is a suitable nitrogen protecting group and R¹ is as definedin any of the embodiments herein, comprising reacting a compound offormula 15:

under suitable cyclization conditions, to provide the compound offormula 16.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 15:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 14:

in the presence of R¹—OH (or a suitable acetal forming reagent), proticor Lewis acid (for example, TsOH), and a suitable solvent to provide thecompound of formula 15.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 14:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 13:

under suitable oxidation conditions (example, a Swern oxidation) toprovide the compound of formula 14.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 13:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 2 with a compound of formula21:

under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X isOH), or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is not OH),to provide the compound of formula 13.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 22:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 23:

in the presence of R¹—OH (or a suitable acetal forming reagent), proticor Lewis acid (for example, TsOH), and a suitable solvent to provide thecompound of formula 22. Acetal forming equivalents include, but are notlimited to, triethylorthoformate, a diethylacetal, such as a(CH₃)₂C(OCH₂CH₃)₂. Preferably, the solvent is CH₂Cl₂, toluene, orchlorobenzene.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 23 comprising reacting a compound of formula 2:

under suitable oxidation conditions (example Swern) to provide thecompound of formula 23.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 5-A

wherein PG₁ is a suitable carboxylic acid protecting group, PG₂ is asuitable nitrogen-protecting group, and R¹ is as defined in any one ofclaims 1 or 5-9, comprising:

reacting a compound of formula 20-A:

with a compound of formula 22

under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X isOH), or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is anappropriate leaving group), to provide the compound of formula 5-A.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 5:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 20:

with a compound of formula 22

under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X isOH), or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is not OH),to provide the compound of formula 5.

Another embodiment provides a process for preparing a compound offormula 5-A:

comprising reacting a compound of formula 21:

with a compound of formula 22

under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X isOH), or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is not OH),to provide the compound of formula 5-A.

In accordance with this invention, the processes may be used alone or incombination to provide a compound of this invention.

Certain specific embodiments of this invention provide processes forpreparing compounds 4 from 3 (in embodiments where compounds 4 areisolated); 5 from 3 (in embodiments where compounds 4 is not isolatedbut carried on directly, e.g., generated in situ); 5 from 4; and 6 from5 according to the methods disclosed herein. In a preferred embodiment,compounds 6 are prepared from compounds 5; compounds 5 are prepared fromcompounds 4 (whether isolated or not); and compounds 4 are prepared from3. Preferably, compounds 6 are used in the preparation of prolinecontaining caspase inhibitors. Such proline containing caspaseinhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed in WO95/35308, WO 99/47545, WO 01/81330, and WO 01/90063 (which are allincorporated herein by reference). For example, compound IA (andstereoisomers thereof) of WO 01/90063 (which are specificallyincorporated herein by reference) could be prepared as disclosed herein(see, e.g., page 13). For the avoidance of doubt, it should beunderstood that such proline containing compounds could be depicted byformula I except that Ring A is pyrrolidine

(i.e. is derived from proline).

The processes for converting compounds 6 to proline containing caspaseinhibitors are preferably as disclosed herein. The processes forpreparing compounds 3 are also preferably as disclosed herein. Howeverother processes known to skilled practitioners could be used to convertcompounds 6 to proline containing caspase inhibitors and/or to preparecompounds 3.

Other embodiments of this invention provide the compounds of formula 3to 6, 3-A to 6-A, and 13-16.

One embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula 4A:

Another embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula4:

Another embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula14:

One embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula 5-A:

Another embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula5:

Another embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula15:

One embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula 3-A:

Another embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula3:

Another embodiment of this invention provides the compounds of formula13:

In all the above embodiments, the variables are as defined in any of theembodiments herein. In a preferred form of 3, PG₂ is Z and PG₁ is C₁₋₆straight-chained or branched alkyl group (preferably a t-butyl group),either alone or in combination.

As would be realized by skilled practitioners certain process steps maybe accomplished in discrete steps or in situ. For example, deprotectionand subsequent reaction of an amine may be accomplished by step-wise (byisolating the amine) or in a one step procedure (without isolating theamine).

In certain embodiments, the above processes are conducted as describedherein (e.g., in the schemes, examples, and accompanying description).

Compounds such as 3 could be used in processes for preparing prolinecontaining compounds, such as caspase inhibitors. Proline containingcaspase inhibitors include, but are not limited to, those disclosed inWO 95/35308, WO 99/47545, WO 01/81330, and WO 01/90063 (which are allincorporated herein by reference). For example, compound IA (andstereoisomers thereof) of WO 01/90063 (which are specificallyincorporated herein by reference) could be prepared as disclosed herein(see, e.g., page 13).

The compounds utilized in the compositions and methods of this inventionmay also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhanceselective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the artand include those which increase biological penetration into a givenbiological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervoussystem), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allowadministration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate ofexcretion.

For example, a carboxylic acid group in a compound of this invention maybe derivatized as, for example, an ester. Preferred esters would bethose derived from:

a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl, whereinthe alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl is optionally substituted with C₆₋₁₀aryl,CF₃, Cl, F, OMe, OEt, OCF₃, CN, or NMe₂;

a C₁₋₆ cycloalkyl, wherein 1-2 carbon atoms in the cycloalkyl isoptionally replaced with —O— or —NR⁹—.

Compounds of this invention having a carbonyl group may be similarlyderivatized as, e.g., an acetal, ketal, oxime (═NOR⁹), hydrazine(═NN(R⁹)₂), thioacetal, or thioketal.

Appropriate derivatives of amines are known in the art and are alsoincluded within the scope of this invention.

Certain of the above derivatives would include the protective groupsknown to skilled practitioners (see, e.g., Greene). As would berecognized by a skilled practitioner, these protective groups may alsobe employed in the processes of this invention.

The compounds of this invention may be assayed for their ability toinhibit apoptosis, the release of IL-1β or caspase activity directly.Assays for each of the activities are known in the art. However, aswould be recognized by a skilled practitioner, a prodrug compound ofthis invention should be active only in assays where the prodrug moietywould be cleaved, typically in in vivo assays.

Assays for caspase activity are described in WO 99/47545.

According to another embodiment, the present invention provides apharmaceutical composition comprising:

a) a compound of the invention, as defined herein, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof; and

b) a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle.

It should be understood that compounds and pharmaceutically acceptablesalts thereof are included within this invention are. Ifpharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of this invention areutilized in these compositions, those salts are preferably derived frominorganic or organic acids and bases. Included among such acid salts arethe following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphor sulfonate,cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate,fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate,hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide,2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate,2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate,persulfate, 3-phenyl-propionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate,succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Base saltsinclude ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassiumsalts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts,salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts,N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine,lysine, and so forth.

Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with suchagents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butylchloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl,diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl,lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkylhalides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water oroil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in thesecompositions include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina,aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serumalbumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid,potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetablefatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate,disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodiumchloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodiumcarboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes,polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol andwool fat.

According to a preferred embodiment, the compositions of this inventionare formulated for pharmaceutical administration to a mammal, preferablya human being.

Such pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention may beadministered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically,rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir.The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous,intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal,intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection orinfusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administeredorally or intravenously.

Sterile injectable forms of the compositions of this invention may beaqueous or oleaginous suspension. These suspensions may be formulatedaccording to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparationmay also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxicparenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may beemployed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloridesolution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employedas a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oilmay be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids,such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in thepreparation of injectables, as are natural pharmaceutically-acceptableoils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in theirpolyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may alsocontain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such ascarboxymethyl cellulose or similar dispersing agents which are commonlyused in the formulation of pharmaceutically acceptable dosage formsincluding emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants,such as Tweens, Spans and other emulsifying agents or bioavailabilityenhancers which are commonly used in the manufacture of pharmaceuticallyacceptable solid, liquid, or other dosage forms may also be used for thepurposes of formulation.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orallyadministered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but notlimited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions. In thecase of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used includelactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate,are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form,useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueoussuspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combinedwith emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening,flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may beadministered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritatingexcipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectaltemperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug.Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also beadministered topically, especially when the target of treatment includesareas or organs readily accessible by topical application, includingdiseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitabletopical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas ororgans.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in arectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enemaformulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may beformulated in a suitable ointment containing the active componentsuspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topicaladministration of the compounds of this invention include, but are notlimited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propyleneglycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax andwater. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulatedin a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspendedor dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers.Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitanmonostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol,2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated asmicronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or,preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, eitherwith our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride.Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutical compositions maybe formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum. In one embodiment, thecompositions are as formulated in, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,645,994 and/orU.S. Pat. No. 6,630,473.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also beadministered by nasal aerosol or inhalation. Such compositions areprepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceuticalformulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzylalcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhancebioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizingor dispersing agents.

The above-described compounds and compositions are particularly usefulin therapeutic applications relating to an IL-1 mediated disease, anapoptosis mediated disease, an inflammatory disease, an autoimmunedisease, a destructive bone disorder, a proliferative disorder, aninfectious disease (e.g., bacterial infections, preferably, eyeinfections), a degenerative disease, a disease associated with celldeath, an excess dietary alcohol intake disease, a viral mediateddisease, retinal disorders, uveitis, inflammatory peritonitis,osteoarthritis, pancreatitis, asthma, adult respiratory distresssyndrome, glomerulonephritis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupuserythematosus, scleroderma, chronic thyroiditis, Grave's disease,autoimmune gastritis, diabetes, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, autoimmuneneutropenia, thrombocytopenia, chronic active hepatitis, myastheniagravis, inflammatory bowel disease, Crohn's disease, psoriasis, atopicdermatitis, scarring, graft vs. host disease, organ transplantrejection, organ apoptosis after burn injury, osteoporosis, leukemiasand related disorders, myelodysplastic syndrome, multiplemyeloma-related bone disorder, acute myelogenous leukemia, chronicmyelogenous leukemia, metastatic melanoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, multiplemyeloma, hemorrhagic shock, sepsis, septic shock, burns, Shigellosis,Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease,Kennedy's disease, prion disease, cerebral ischemia, epilepsy,myocardial ischemia, acute and chronic heart disease, myocardialinfarction, congestive heart failure, atherosclerosis, coronary arterybypass graft, spinal muscular atrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis,multiple sclerosis, HIV-related encephalitis, aging, alopecia,neurological damage due to stroke, ulcerative colitis, traumatic braininjury, spinal cord injury, hepatitis-B, hepatitis-C, hepatitis-G,yellow fever, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis, various forms ofliver disease, renal disease, polycystic kidney disease, H.pylori-associated gastric and duodenal ulcer disease, HIV infection,tuberculosis, meningitis, toxic epidermal necrolysis, pemphigus, andautoinflammatory diseases (sometimes referred to as autoinflammatoryfever syndromes) and related syndromes such as Muckle-Wells Syndrome(MWS), Familial Cold Urticaria (FCU), Familial Mediterranean Fever(FMF), Chronic Infantile Neurological Cutaneous and Articular Syndrome(CINCAS), a.k.a. Neonatal Onset Multisystem Inflammatory Disease(NOMID), TNFR1-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS), and Hyper-IgDperiodic fever Syndrome (HIDS). The compounds and compositions are alsouseful in treating complications associated with coronary artery bypassgrafts. The compounds and compositions are also useful for decreasingIGIF (also known as IL-18) or IFN-γ production. The compounds andcompositions are also useful in immunotherapy as a cancer treatment.

The compounds and compositions may also be used in methods forpreserving cells. These methods would be useful for preserving organs,particularly those intended for transplant, or blood products.

The compounds of this invention are useful as dual caspase-1 andcapase-8 inhibitors. Without being bound by theory, the R² and R³ groupsof the compounds of this invention appear to be related to thissurprising activity. Bridged A groups of the compounds of thisinvention, such as

also appear to be related to this surprising activity. As such, thecompounds and compositions of this invention are particularly useful intreating or preventing inflammatory conditions.

According to another embodiment, the compositions of this invention mayfurther comprise another therapeutic agent (i.e., one or more additionalagents). Such agents include, but are not limited to, thrombolyticagents such as tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase. When anadditional agent is used, the additional agent may be administeredeither as a separate dosage form or as part of a single dosage form withthe compounds or compositions of this invention.

The amount of compound present in the compositions of this inventionshould be sufficient to cause a detectable decrease in the severity ofthe disease or in caspase activity and/or cell apoptosis, as measured byany of the assays known in the art.

Dosage levels of between about 0.01 and about 50 or about 100 mg/kg bodyweight per day, preferably between 0.5 and about 75 mg/kg body weightper day and most preferably between about 1 and about 25 or about 50mg/kg body weight per day of the active ingredient compound are usefulin a monotherapy.

Typically, a compound or composition of this invention will beadministered from about 1 to about 5 times per day or alternatively, asa continuous infusion. Such administration can be used as a chronic oracute therapy. The amount of active ingredient that may be combined withthe carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will varydepending upon the host treated and the particular mode ofadministration. A typical preparation will contain from about 5% toabout 95% active compound (w/w). Preferably, such preparations containfrom about 20% to about 80% active compound.

When the compositions of this invention comprise a combination of acompound of this invention and one or more additional therapeutic orprophylactic agents, both the compound and the additional agent shouldbe present at dosage levels of between about 10% to about 100%, and morepreferably between about 10% to about 80% of the dosage normallyadministered in a monotherapy regime.

Upon improvement of a patient's condition, a maintenance dose of acompound, composition or combination of this invention may beadministered, if necessary.

Subsequently, the dosage or frequency of administration, or both, may bereduced, as a function of the symptoms, to a level at which the improvedcondition is retained when the symptoms have been alleviated to thedesired level, treatment should cease. Patients may, however, requireintermittent treatment on a long-term basis upon any recurrence ofdisease symptoms.

As the skilled practitioner will appreciate, lower or higher doses thanthose recited above may be required. It should be understood that aspecific dosage and treatment regimens for any particular patient willdepend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specificcompound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, timeof administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, the severity andcourse of the particular disease, the patient's disposition to thedisease being treated, and the judgment of the treating physician. Theamount of active ingredients will also depend upon the particularcompound and other therapeutic agent, if present, in the composition.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention provides a method of treating apatient, preferably a mammal, having one of the aforementioned diseases,comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound or apharmaceutically acceptable composition described above. In thisembodiment, if the patient is also administered another therapeuticagent or caspase inhibitor, it may be delivered together with thecompound of this invention in a single dosage form, or, as a separatedosage form. When administered as a separate dosage form, the othercaspase inhibitor or agent may be administered prior to, at the sametime as, or following administration of a pharmaceutically acceptablecomposition comprising a compound of this invention.

The compounds of this invention may also be incorporated intocompositions for coating implantable medical devices, such asprostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters.Accordingly, the present invention, in another aspect, includes acomposition for coating an implantable device comprising a compound ofthe present invention and a carrier suitable for coating saidimplantable device. In still another aspect, the present inventionincludes an implantable device coated with a composition comprising acompound of the present invention and a carrier suitable for coatingsaid implantable device.

Another aspect of the invention relates to inhibiting caspase activityin a biological sample, which method comprises contacting saidbiological sample with a compound of this invention or a compositioncomprising said compound. The term “biological sample”, as used herein,includes, without limitation, cell cultures or extracts thereof;biopsied material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood,saliva, urine, feces, semen, tears, or other body fluids or extractsthereof.

Inhibition of caspase activity in a biological sample is useful for avariety of purposes that are known to one of skill in the art. Examplesof such purposes include, but are not limited to, blood transfusion,organ-transplantation, biological specimen storage, and biologicalassays.

The compounds of this invention are useful in methods for preservingcells, such as may be needed for an organ transplant or for preservingblood products. Similar uses for caspase inhibitors have been reported[Schierle et al., Nature Medicine, 5, 97 (1999)]. The method involvestreating the cells or tissue to be preserved with a solution comprisingthe caspase inhibitor. The amount of caspase inhibitor needed willdepend on the effectiveness of the inhibitor for the given cell type andthe length of time required to preserve the cells from apoptotic celldeath.

Without being bound by theory, applicants' cyclic acetal compounds arebelieved to be prodrugs. That is, the acetal portion is cleaved in vivoto provide a corresponding acid-aldehyde compound. As would berecognized by a skilled practitioner, chemical compounds may bemetabolized in vivo, e.g., at a site other than the prodrug cleavagesite. Any such metabolites are included within the scope of thisinvention.

In order that this invention be more fully understood, the followingpreparative and testing examples are set forth. These examples are forthe purpose of illustration only and are not to be construed as limitingthe scope of the invention in any way.

Example I-1(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Method A (S)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-butyric acid tert-butyl ester

A solution of (S)-benzyloxycarbonylamino-4-hydroxy-butyric acidtert-butyl ester (prepared as described in Michel et al, HelveticaChimica Acta 1999, 1960)(0.94 g) in ethyl acetate (15 ml) washydrogenated over palladium hydroxide/carbon (20% w/w, 160 mg). Thecatalyst was removed via filtration through celite. Concentration of thefiltrate in vacuo afforded the subtitle compound as a colorless oil (486mg, 91%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.48 (9H, s), 1.95 (3H, brs), 2.28(1H, dd), 2.46 (1H, dd), 3.29 (1H, brm), 3.42 (1H, m), 3.60 (1H, m).

Method B(1S)-2-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-hydroxymethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

To a stirred solution of (S)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-butyric acid tert-butylester (800 mg, 4.57 mmol) and Z-Pro-OH (1.14 g, 4.57 mmol) in THF (30ml) was added 2-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (741 mg, 1.2 eq,), DMAP(698 mg, 1.25 eq.), diisopropylethylamine (1.03 ml, 1.3 eq.) and1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 1.05g, 1.2 eq.). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperaturefor 18 hours then diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was thenwashed with water, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution andbrine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (60%ethyl acetate/petrol) to afford the sub-title compound as a colorlesssolid (1.483 g, 90%); MS ES (+) 407.3.

Method C(1S)-2-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-formyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

A solution of(1S)-2-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-hydroxymethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (10 g) in DCM (100 ml) was cooled to 0° C. undernitrogen. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO, 38 mg) was thenadded followed by trichloroisocyanuric acid (6 g) portionwise over 30minutes. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours,then filtered through celite. The filtrate was washed with water, 1Msodium thiosulfate solution and water. Drying over magnesium sulfate andconcentration under reduced pressure gave the sub-title compound as apale yellow oil (9.92 g, 99%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.38 (9H,d), 1.79-1.86 (3H, m), 2.08-2.23 (1H, m), 2.36-2.51 (1H, 2×dd),2.61-2.86 (1H, 2×dd), 3.88-3.46 (2H, m), 4.24-4.30 (2H, m), 5.05 (2H,quin), 7.28-7.37 (5H, m), 8.59-8.64 (1H, 2×d), 9.21 (0.57H, s), 9.37(0.43H, s).

Method D(1S)-2-((S)-1-tert-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-diethoxy-ethylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

To a solution of(1S)-2-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-formyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (4.98 g) in dichloromethane (70 ml) was added triethylorthoformate (6.2 mL) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (47 mg).The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature until noaldehyde remained by TLC. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo, there-dissolved in dichloromethane (35 mL). Saturated aqueous sodiumbicarbonate solution (35 mL) was then added and the organic phaseremoved. This was washed with water and brine, dried (magnesiumsulfate), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. This gavethe sub-title compound as a pale yellow oil (4.85 g, 82%); ¹H NMR (400MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.04-1.11 (6H, m), 1.35-1.37 (9H, m), 1.73-1.89 (3H,m), 2.01-2.49 (3H, m), 3.43-3.52 (6H, m), 4.05-4.29 (3H, m), 4.96-5.06(2H, m), 7.27-7.38 (5H, m), 7.80 (0.5H, d), 7.88 (0.5H, d).

Method E(1S)-2-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.1(1S)-2-((2S,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.2

A solution of(1S)-2-((S)-1-tert-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-diethoxy-ethylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (4.85 g) in dichloromethane (25 ml) was cooled to 0°C. under nitrogen. Trifluoroacetic acid (6 ml) was then added and themixture stirred at 0° C. for 15 minutes, then warmed to ambienttemperature and stirred until the reaction was complete by TLC. Themixture was then diluted with dichloromethane (90 ml) and saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (130 ml) and stirred for 15 minutes.The organic phase was then removed and washed with 1:1 saturated aqueoussodium bicarbonate/brine (100 ml), the combined aqueous washings wasre-extracted with DCM (100 ml) and the combined organic layers dried(magnesium sulfate), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure.This afforded the sub-title compound as a mixture of epimers at theketal centre (C2). The epimers were separated on silica gel, elutingwith 30% acetone/petrol. Syn-isomer 6.1 (white solid); ¹H NMR (400 MHz,d-6 DMSO) δ 1.08-1.17 (3H, m), 1.78-2.01 (3H, m), 2.08-2.12 (1H, m),2.37-2.57 (1H, 2×dd), 2.61-2.79 (1H, 2×dd), 3.35-3.51 (2H, m), 3.55-3.68(1H, m), 3.71-3.82 (1H, d), 4.20-4.32 (1H, m), 4.52-4.61 (1H, m),4.98-5.11 (2H, m), 5.53-5.58 (1H, m), 7.24-7.42 (5h, m), 8.25-8.31 (1H,m); MS ES+377.3 (100%), ES−375.3 (10%); Anti-isomer 6.2 (colorless oil);¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.08-1.19 (3H, m), 1.78-1.89 (3H, m),2.10-2.34 (1H, m), 2.92-3.07 (1H, 2×dd), 3.36-3.51 (3H, m), 3.62-3.78(2H, m), 4.12-4.21 (2H, m), 4.97-5.12 (3H, m), 7.28-7.40 (5H, m),8.51-8.58 (1H, m); MS ES+377.4 (100%), ES−375.3 (10%).

(1S)-2-((2R,3S)-2-Methoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.3(1S)-2-((2S,3S)-2-Methoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.4

Prepared in a similar manner to that described in methods A-E, usingtrimethylorthoformate in step D, to afford the sub-title compounds as amixture of epimers 6.3 and 6.4. The epimers were separated on silica geleluting with 30% to 40% 2-Butanone/Petrol to 70% Acetone/Petrol.Syn-isomer 6.3 (viscous colorless oil); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ1.77-1.89 (3H, m), 2.07-2.12 (1H, m), 2.32-2.43 (1H, 2×d), 2.55-2.61(1H, 2×d), 2.71-2.81 (1H, 2×d), 3.39-3.62 (4H, m), 4.21-4.30 (1H, m),4.57-4.64 (1H, m), 5.01-5.09 (2H, m), 5.42-5.47 (1H, m), 7.27-7.42 (5H,m), 8.24-8.31 (1H, m); Anti-isomer 6.4 (white solid); ¹H NMR (400 MHz,d-6 DMSO) δ 1.79-1.90 (3H, m), 2.09-2.21 (1H, m), 2.23-41 (1H, 2×d),2.91-3.05 (1H, 2×dd), 3.35-3.71 (5H, m), 4.09-4.21 (2H, m), 4.98-5.19(3H, m), 7.28-7.41 (5H, m), 8.51-8.58 (1H, m).

(1S)-2-((2R,3S)-2-Isopropoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.5(1S)-2-((2S,3S)-2-Isopropoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.6

Prepared in a similar manner to that described in Methods A-E, usingtriisopropylorthoformate in step D, to afford the sub-title compound asa mixture of epimers 6.5 and 6.6. The epimers were separated on silicagel eluting with 30% to 40% 2-Butanone/Petrol. Syn-isomer 6.5 (colorlessgum); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.07-1.16 (6H, m), 1.81-1.86 (2H, m),2.37-2.71 (2H, m), 3.35-3.53 (2H, m), 3.86-3.90 (1H, m), 4.18-4.24 (1H,m), 4.46-4.55 (1H, m), 4.95-5.10 (2H, m), 5.63 (1H, d), 7.27-7.38 (5H,m), 8.22-8.30 (1H, m); MS ES+391.3 (100%); Anti-isomer 6.6 (whitesolid); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.07-1.15 (6H, m), 1.78-1.82 (3H,m), 2.07-2.41 (2H, m), 2.87-3.01 (1H, m), 3.35-3.50 (2H, m), 3.74-3.96(1H, m), 4.07-4.18 (2H, m), 4.95-5.11 (2H, m), 5.22 (1H, 2×s), 7.24-7.39(5H, m), 8.48-8.53 (1H, m); MS ES+391.4 (100%).

(1S)-2-((2R,3S)-2-Propoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.7(1S)-2-((2S,3S)-2-Propoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.8

Prepared in a similar manner to that described in methods A-E, usingtripropylorthoformate in step D, to afford the sub-title compounds as amixture of epimers 6.7 and 6.8. The epimers were separated on silica geleluting with 30% to 40% 2-Butanone/Petrol. Syn-isomer 6.7 (colorlessgum); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 0.84-0.93 (3H, m), 1.55 (2H, m),1.81-1.89 (3H, m), 2.08-2.22 (1H, m), 2.37-2.61 (1H, 2×dd), 2.71-2.80(1H, 2×dd), 3.31-3.53 (2H, m), 3.60-3.69 (1H, m), 4.20-4.29 (1H, m),4.52-4.61 (1H, m), 4.95-5.11 (2H, m), 5.50 (1H, m), 7.27-7.36 (5H, m),8.27 (1H, m); Anti-isomer 6.8 (colorless oil); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6DMSO) δ 0.82-0.90 (3H, m), 1.46-1.57 (2H, m), 1.77-1.89 (3H, m),2.06-2.41 (1H, m), 2.90-3.05 (1H, 2×dd), 3.33-3.66 (5H, m), 4.11-4.20(2H, m), 4.94-5.10 (3H, m), 7.28-7.37 (5H, m), 8.51 (1H, m).

(1S)-2-((2R,3S)-2-Butoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.9(1S)-2-((2S,3S)-2-Butoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.10

Prepared in a similar manner to that described in methods A-E, usingtributylorthoformate in step D, to afford the sub-title compounds as amixture of epimers 6.9 and 6.10. The epimers were separated on silicagel eluting with 30% to 40% 2-Butanone/Petrol. Syn-isomer 6.9 (colorlessgum); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 0.86-0.92 (3H, m), 1.28-1.37 (2H, m),1.45-1.54 (2H, m), 1.79-1.88 (3H, m), 2.07-2.21 (1H, m), 2.35-2.78 (2H,m), 3.31-3.54 (2H, m), 3.63-3.70 (1H, m), 4.21-4.29 (1H, m), 4.51-4.61(1H, m), 4.95-5.09 (2H, m), 5.50 (1H, m), 7.27-7.37 (5H, m), 8.25 (1H,m); Anti-isomer 6.10 (colorless oil); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ0.85-0.93 (3H, m), 1.26-1.36 (2H, m), 1.44-1.56 (2H, m), 1.77-1.90 (3H,m), 2.08-2.40 (1H, m), 2.89-3.05 (1H, 2×dd), 3.34-3.70 (5H, m),4.08-4.19 (2H, m), 4.95-5.10 (3H, m), 7.28-7.39 (5H, m), 8.53 (1H, m).

Method F{(S)-1-[(1R,3S,4S)-3-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-2-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-2,2-dimethyl-propyl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester

To a solution of(1S)-2-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carboxylicacid benzyl ester 6.1 (4.68 g) in ethyl acetate (160 ml) and DMF (25 ml)was added triethylamine (2.5 g) followed by palladium hydroxide/carbon(20% w/w, 1 g). The mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogenuntil no starting material was present by TLC. The catalyst was removedby filtration through celite. To the filtrate was added(S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3,3-dimethyl-butyric acid (4.93 g),hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (2.01 g) and1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 2.85g). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight.Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (180 ml) was then addedand the organic phase removed. This was washed with saturated aqueousammonium chloride (180 ml), then brine (180 ml), dried (magnesiumsulfate), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crudeproduct was purified on silica gel, eluting with 40-75% ethylacetate/petrol. The sub-title compound was obtained as a white foam(4.02 g, 66%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 0.97 (9H, s), 1.14 (3H, t),1.79-1.94 (3H, m), 2.02-2.10 (1H, m), 2.44 (1H, dd), 2.75 (1H, dd),3.52-3.66 (2H, m), 3.70-3.79 (2H, m), 4.22 (1H, d), 4.38-4.41 (1H, m),4.48-4.58 (1H, m), 5.03 (2H, q), 5.56 (1H, d), 7.26 (1H, d), 7.29-7.40(5H, m), 8.24 (1H, d); MS ES+490.6 (100%), ES−488.8 (10%).

Method G(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

To a solution of{(S)-1-[(1R,3S,4S)-3-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-2-pyrrolidine-2-carbonyl]-2,2-dimethyl-propyl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester (344 mg) in ethyl acetate (20 ml)was added palladiumhydroxide/carbon (20% w/w, 74 mg). The mixture was stirred under anatmosphere of hydrogen until no starting material was present by TLC.The catalyst was removed by filtration through celite and the filtrateconcentrated under reduced pressure to give the amine as a brown foam(260 mg). A portion of this material (153 mg) was dissolved in THF and3-methoxy-2-methyl benzoic acid (146 mg), diisopropylamine (191 μl),hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (77 mg) and1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 109mg) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperaturefor 24 hours then diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. Theorganic phase was removed and washed with saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride, then brine, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified onsilica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate. This gave the sub-title compoundas a white solid (138 mg, 62%); analytical data summarized in Table 3.

Compounds of formula I-2 to I-58 have been prepared by methodssubstantially similar to those described in Example I-1.

Example I-2(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-3(S,S,S,R)-1-[3-Methyl-(2S)-(2-trifluoromethoxy-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-4(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-5(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Amino-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-6(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2,6-Dichloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-7(S,S,S,R)—N-{(1S)-[(2S)-((2R)-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-2-methyl-propyl}-2-methyl-nicotinamide

Example I-8(S,S,S,R)—N-{(1S)-[(2S)-((2R)-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-2-methyl-propyl}-4-methyl-nicotinamide

Example I-9(S,S,S,R)-1-{3-Methyl-(2S)-[(3-methyl-thiophene-2-carbonyl)-amino]-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-10(S,S,S,R)-2,3-Dichloro-N-{(1S)-[(2S)-((2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-2-methyl-propyl}-isonicotinamide

Example I-11(S,S,S,R)-3,5-Dichloro-N-{(1S)-[(2S)-((2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-ylcarbamoyl)-pyrrolidine-1-carbonyl]-2-methyl-propyl}-isonicotinamide

Example I-12(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-13(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-methoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-14(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-isopropoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-15(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [5-oxo-(2R)-propoxy-5-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-16(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-17(S,S,S,R)-1-[3,3-Dimethyl-(2S)-(2-methyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-18 (S,S,S,R)-1-[3-Methyl-2(S)-(2-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3(S)-yl]-amide

Example I-19 (S,S,S,R)-1-[2(S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-methoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-20(S,S,S,R)-1-[3,3-Dimethyl-(2S)-(2-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-isopropoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-21(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-22(S,S,S,R)-1-[3,3-Dimethyl-(2S)-(2-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-23(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [5-oxo-(2R)-propoxy-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-24(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-butoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-25(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-26(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [5-oxo-(2R)-propoxy-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-27(S,S,S,S)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [5-oxo-(2S)-propoxy-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-28(S,S,S,S)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2S)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-29(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-butoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-30(S,S,S,S)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2S)-butoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-31(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-isopropoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-32(S,S,S,S)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2S)-isopropoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-33(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-cyclopropyloxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-34(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-35(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-36(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-ethyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-37(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-38(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-cyclopropylmethyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-39(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-40(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-41(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-42(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-methyl-3-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-43(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-44(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-fluoro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-45(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-fluoro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-46(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-isopropyloxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-47(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-48(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-methoxymethyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-49(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-isobutyrylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-50(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3-cyclohexyl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-51(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-methoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-52(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-phenoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-53(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-thiazolylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-54(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Amino-2-chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-55(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-thiazol-4-yl-propionyl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-56(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-thiazol-4-yl-propionyl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid

[(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-57(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-58(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-piperidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-592-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Method H(1R,3S,4S)-3((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-hydroxymethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

To a stirred solution of (S)-3-Amino-4-hydroxy-butyric acid tert-butylester (486 mg) and(1R,3S,4S)-2-Aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2,3-dicarboxylic acid 2 benzylester (prepared as described in Tararov et al, Tett. Asymm. 2002, 13,25-28) (767 mg) in THF (18 ml) was added 2-hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate(452 mg), DMAP (426 mg), diisopropylethylamine (631 l) and1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 641mg). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 18hours then diluted with ethyl acetate. The mixture was then washed withwater, saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and brine, driedover magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reducedpressure. The residue was purified by flash chromatography (60% ethylacetate/petrol) to afford the sub-title compound as a colorless oil (1.1g, 91%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.13-1.25 (1H, m), 1.30-1.48 (9H,m), 1.49-1.88 (6H, m), 2.20-2.52 (2H, m), 3.09-3.34 (2H, m), 3.64 (1H,d), 4.00-4.16 (2H, brm), 4.80 (1H, m), 4.90-5.15 (2H, m), 7.21-7.41 (5H,m), 7.50-7.75 (1H, m); MS ES (+) 433.37.

Method I(1R,3S,4S)-3-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-formyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

A solution of(1R,3S,4S)-3((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-hydroxymethyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (1.1 g) in DCM (10 ml) was cooled to 0° C. undernitrogen. 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyloxy (TEMPO, 4 mg) was then addedfollowed by trichloroisocyanuric acid (621 mg) portionwise over 30minutes. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour, thenfiltered through celite. The filtrate was washed with water, 1M sodiumthiosulfate solution and brine. Drying over magnesium sulfate andconcentration under reduced pressure gave the sub-title compound as acolorless oil (698 mg, 64%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 1.16-1.89(16H, m), 2.30-2.80 (2H, m), 3.68-3.81 (1H, m), 4.19 (1H, brm), 4.39(1H, m), 4.91-5.16 (2H, m), 7.21-7.43 (5H, m), 8.45 (0.4H, d), 8.60(0.6, d), 9.19 (0.6H, s), 9.37 (0.4H, s).

Method J(1R,3S,4S)-3-((S)-1-tert-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-diethoxy-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

To a solution of(1R,3S,4S)-3-((S)-2-tert-Butoxycarbonyl-1-formyl-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (698 mg) in dichloromethane (10 ml) was added triethylorthoformate (720 mg) and p-toluenesulfonic acid monohydrate (6 mg). Theresulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature until no aldehyderemained by TLC. Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution was thenadded and the organic phase removed. This was washed with water andbrine, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. This gave the sub-title compound as a pale yellow oil(635 mg, 78%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 0.96-1.15 (6H, m), 1.26-1.84(16H, m), 2.20-2.50 (2H, m), 3.40-3.81 (5H, m), 4.10-4.28 (2H, m), 4.37(1H, m), 4.88-5.14 (2H, m), 7.20-7.40 (5H, m), 7.65 (0.5H, d), 7.80(0.5H, d).

Method K(1R,3S,4S)-3-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester

A solution of(1R,3S,4S)-3-((S)-1-tert-Butoxycarbonylmethyl-2,2-diethoxy-ethylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (635 mg) in dichloromethane (3 ml) was cooled to 0° C.under nitrogen. Trifluoroacetic acid (0.7 ml) was then added and themixture stirred at 0° C. for 15 minutes, then warmed to ambienttemperature and stirred until the reaction was complete by TLC. Themixture was then diluted with dichloromethane (10 ml) and saturatedaqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (14 ml). The organic phase was thenremoved and washed with 1:1 saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate/brine(8 ml), dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered and concentrated underreduced pressure. This afforded the sub-title compound as a mixture ofepimers at the ketal centre. The epimers were separated on silica gel,eluting with 30% 2-butanone/petrol. Syn-isomer (oil) (115 mg, 23%); ¹HNMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 0.80-1.91 (10H, m), 2.35-2.79 (2H, m), 3.56(1H, m), 3.66-3.80 (2H, m), 4.18 (1H, m), 4.59 (1H, m), 4.94-5.11 (2H,m), 5.53 (1H, d), 7.20-7.40 (5H, m), 8.18 (0.5H, d), 8.27 (0.5H, d); MSES+403.31 (100%), ES−401.37 (15%); Anti-isomer (oil) (103 mg, 20%); ¹HNMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 0.80-1.85 (10H, m), 2.25-2.60 (1H, m), 2.95(1H, m), 3.42 (1H, m), 3.5-3.75 (2H, m), 4.88-5.15 (3H, m), 7.21-7.40(5H, m), 8.50 (0.4H, d), 8.59 (0.6H, d).

Method L{(S)-1-[(1R,3S,4S)-3-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carbonyl]-2,2-dimethyl-propyl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester

To a solution of(1R,3S,4S)-3-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carboxylicacid benzyl ester (5 g) in ethyl acetate (160 ml) and DMF (25 ml) wasadded triethylamine (2.5 g) followed by palladium hydroxide/carbon (20%w/w, 1 g). The mixture was stirred under an atmosphere of hydrogen untilno starting material was present by TLC. The catalyst was removed byfiltration through celite. To the filtrate was added(S)-2-benzyloxycarbonylamino-3,3-dimethyl-butyric acid (4.93 g),hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (2.01 g) and1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 2.85g). The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperature overnight.Saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution (180 ml) was then addedand the organic phase removed. This was washed with saturated aqueousammonium chloride (180 ml), then brine (180 ml), dried (magnesiumsulfate), filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crudeproduct was purified on silica gel, eluting with 40-75% ethylacetate/petrol. The sub-title compound was obtained as a white foam(5.25 g, 81%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, d-6 DMSO) δ 0.85-1.03 (10H, m),1.07-1.20 (3H, t), 1.30 (1H, m), 1.40 (1H, m), 1.50-1.80 (3H, m), 1.93(1H, m), 2.40-2.50 (1H, m), 2.78 (1H, m), 3.60 (1H, m), 3.78 (1H, m),3.89 (1H, s), 4.26 (1H, d), 4.52 (2H, m), 4.96-5.12 (2H, m), 5.56 (1H,d), 7.10 (1H, d), 7.24-7.40 (5H, m), 8.27 (1H, d); MS ES+516.93 (100%),ES−515.05 (100%).

Method M(1R,3S,4S)-2-[(S)-2-(3-methoxy-2-methylbenzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-3-carboxylicacid ((2R,3S)-2-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-yl)-amide

To a solution of{(S)-1-[(1R,3S,4S)-3-((2R,3S)-2-Ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-3-ylcarbamoyl)-2-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-2-carbonyl]-2,2-dimethyl-propyl}-carbamicacid benzyl ester (370 mg) in ethyl acetate (20 ml)was added palladiumhydroxide/carbon (20% w/w, 74 mg). The mixture was stirred under anatmosphere of hydrogen until no starting material was present by TLC.The catalyst was removed by filtration through celite and the filtrateconcentrated under reduced pressure to give the amine as a brown foam(272 mg). A portion of this material (167 mg) was dissolved in THF and3-methoxy-2-methyl benzoic acid (146 mg), diisopropylamine (191 l),hydroxybenzotriazole hydrate (77 mg) and1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC, 109mg) were added. The resulting mixture was stirred at ambient temperaturefor 24 hours then diluted with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate. Theorganic phase was removed and washed with saturated aqueous ammoniumchloride, then brine, dried (magnesium sulfate), filtered andconcentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified onsilica gel, eluting with ethyl acetate. This gave the sub-title compoundas a white solid (121 mg, 52%); ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ 1.10 (9H, s),1.28 (3H, t), 1.43-1.56 (1H, m), 1.79-1.86 (3H, m), 1.99 (1H, brd), 2.29(3H, s), 2.30-2.37 (1H, m), 2.83 (1H, dd), 3.02 (1H, brs), 3.66-3.74(1H, m), 3.87 (3H, s), 3.88-3.94 (1H, m), 4.16 (1H, brs), 4.54 (1H,brs), 4.66-4.74 (1H, m), 4.97 (1H, d), 5.46 (1H, d), 6.44 (1H, brd),6.93 (1H, d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.22 (1H, t), 7.78 (1H, brd); IR (solid)cm⁻¹ 2960, 1791, 1624, 1505, 1438, 1261, 1115, 975; MS ES+530; ES−528.

Compounds of formula 1-60 to 1-73 have been prepared by methodssubstantially similar to those described in Example 1-59.

Example I-602-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(35)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-612-[(2S)-(4-Acetylamino-2-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(35)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(35)-yl]-amide

Example I-622-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-propionylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-632-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-isobutyrylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-642-[(2S)-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-652-[(2S)-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-662-[(2S)-(3-methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2S)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-672-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2S)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-702-[(2S)-(4-Acetylamino-3-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-692-[(2S)-(3-Chloro-4-propionylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-702-[(2S)-(isoquinolin-1-ylcarbonylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-712-[(2S)-(4-Amino-3-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]amide

Example I-722-[(2S)-(4-Amino-3-chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

Example I-732-[(2S)-(isoquinolin-1-ylcarbonylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carboxylicacid [(2S)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide

TABLE 3 Characterization Data for Selected Compounds of Formula I (byCompound Number) M + 1 No. (obs) ¹H-NMR I-1 490.1 (DMSO-d₆) 0.94-0.95(3H, m), 0.98-0.99 (3H, m), 1.13-1.16 (3H, m), 1.80-2.0 (4H, m), 2.10(3H, s), 2.47-2.51 (2H, m), 2.73 (1H, m), 3.34-3.61 (2H, m), 3.73-3.77(2H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.90 (1H, m), 4.39 (1H, m), 4.55 (1H, m), 5.55(1H, d), 6.83 (1H, d), 6.99 (1H, d), 7.19 (1H, m), 8.27 (1H, d), 8.34(1H, d) I-2 476.0 (CDCl₃) 1.01-1.15 (6H, m), 1.26 (3H, t), 1.90-2.29(5H, m), 2.55-2.59 (1H, m), 2.75-2.83 (1H, m), 3.65-3.98 (3H, m), 4.04(3H, s), 4.44-4.49 (1H, m), 4.62-4.69 (1H, m), 4.75-4.80 (1H, m), 5.60(1H, d), 7.09 (1H, t), 7.19 (1H, d), 7.52 (1H, t), 7.97 (1H, d) I-3530.0 (CDCl₃) 1.02-1.10 (6H, m), 1.23-1.34 (3H, m), 1.88-2.19 (5H, m),2.32-2.44 (2H, m), 2.81-2.89 (1H, m), 3.66-3.72 (2H, m), 3.83-3.98 (2H,m), 4.56-4.73 (2H, m), 4.84-4.90 (1H, m), 5.46 (1H, d), 7.15 (1H, d),7.35-7.60 (4H, m), 7.99 (1H, d) I-4 476.1 (CDCl₃) 1.02 (3H, d), 1.09(3H, d), 1.29 (3H, t), 1.93-2.19 (4H, m), 2.29 (3H, s), 2.39 (2H, dd),2.84 (1H, dd), 3.66-3.71 (2H, m), 3.88-3.95 (2H, m), 4.63 (1H, dd),4.68-4.74 (1H, m), 4.85 (1H, dd), 5.32 (1H, s), 5.47 (1H, d), 6.44 (1H,d), 6.87 (1H, d), 6.98-7.00 (1H, m), 7.07-7.12 (1H, m), 7.36 (1H, d) I-5475.0 (CDCl₃) 0.95-1.10 (6H, m), 1.31 (3H, t), 1.93-2.21 (4H, m), 2.25(3H, s), 2.34-2.41 (2H, m), 2.80-2.88 (1H, m), 3.63-3.75 (4H, m),3.87-3.93 (2H, m), 4.65-4.75 (2H, m), 4.82-4.88 (1H, m), 5.47 (1H, d),6.43 (1H, d), 6.74 (1H, d), 6.81 (1H, d), 7.04 (1H, t), 7.40 (1H, d) I-6514.4 (CDCl₃) 1.03-1.05 (3H, m), 1.09-1.13 (3H, m), 1.22-1.30 (3H, m),1.95 (1H, m), 2.14-2.17 (2H, m), 2.44-2.51 (2H, m), 2.79 (1H, m),3.65-3.68 (2H, m), 3.86-3.90 (2H, m), 4.12 (1H, m), 4.60-4.61 (2H, m),4.86 (1H, m), 5.47 (1H, m), 6.4 (1H, 2 × d), 7.29-7.37 (3H, m), 7.54(1H, m) I-7 461.1 (DMSO-d₆) 0.95-1.01 (6H, m), 1.13-1.16 (3H, m),1.80-2.10 (4H, m), 2.45-2.51 (5H, m), 2.74 (1H, m), 3.33-3.59 (2H, m),3.68 (1H, m), 3.95 (1H, m), 4.38-4.44 (2H, m), 4.55 (1H, m), 5.55 (1H,m), 7.25 (1H, m), 7.62 (1H, m), 8.27 (1H, m), 8.48 (1H, m), 8.63 (1H, m)I-8 461.1 (CDCl₃) 1.02 (3H, d), 1.08 (3H, d), 1.28 (3H, t), 1.95-2.2(4H, m), 2.4-2.5 (2H, m), 2.55 (3H, s), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m), 3.7-3.8 (2H,m), 3.85-3.95 (2H, m), 4.7-4.85 (2H, m), 4.9-4.95 (1H, m), 5.55 (1H, d),6.6-6.65 (1H, m), 7.2-7.25 (1H, m), 7.35-7.4 (1H, m), 8.6 (1H, d), 8.7(1H, s) I-9 465.6 (DMSO-d₆) 0.93-0.95 (3H, m), 0.99-1.00 (3H, m),1.13-1.16 (3H, m), 1.80-2.10 (4H, m), 2.40 (3H, s), 2.40-2.47 (2H, m),2.73 (1H, m), 3.59-3.61 (2H, m), 3.73-3.75 (2H, m), 4.37-4.43 (2H, m),4.55 (1H, m), 5.53 (1H, d), 6.97 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, d),8.28 (1H, d) I-10 515.0 (CDCl₃) 1.01 (3H, d), 1.25 (3H, d), 1.27 (3H,t), 1.97-2.10 (2H, m), 2.14-2.26 (1H, m) 2.38 (2H, dd), 2.84 (1H, dd),3.67-3.71 (2H, m), 3.81-3.87 (1H, m), 3.90-3.98 (1H, m), 4.58-4.61 (1H,m), 4.65-4.73 (1H, m), 4.86-4.90 (1H, dd), 5.47 (1H, d), 6.78 (1H, d),7.23 (1H, d), 7.42 (1H, d), 8.40 (1H, d) I-11 515.0 (CDCl₃) 1.01 (3H,d), 1.14 (3H, d), 1.28 (3H, t), 1.96-2.12 (2H, m), 2.17-2.23 (2H, m),2.38 (2H, dd), 2.83 (1H, dd), 3.66-3.71 (2H, m), 3.82-3.95 (2H, m),4.59-4.62 (1H, m), 4.65-4.71 (1H, m), 4.91 (1H, dd), 5.47 (1H, d), 6.54(1H, br dd), 7.21 (1H, br dd), 8.57 (2H, s) I-12 504.4 (DMSO-d₆)0.9-1.08 (9H, s), 1.12 (3H, t), 1.75-2.00 (3H, m), 2.00-2.15 (4H, m),2.34-2.50 (1H, m), 2.80 (1H, m), 3.48-3.91 (7H, m), 4.40 (1H, m),4.46-4.70 (2H, m), 5.58 (1H, d), 7.81 (1H, d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.19 (1H,dd), 8.07 (1H, d), 8.27 (1H, d) I-13 476.0 (CDCl₃) 0.98-1.09 (6H, m),1.90-2.05 (4H, m), 2.35-2.56 (2H, m), 2.70-2.85 (1H, m), 3.49 + 3.55(3H, 2 × s), 3.55-3.67 (1H, m), 3.86 (3H, s), 4.00-4.09 (1H, m),4.58-4.90 (3H, m), 5.34-5.37 (1H, m), 6.25 + 6.40 (1H, 2 × d), 6.90-7.01(2H, m), 7.18-7.25 (1H, m), 7.37 + 7.54 (1H, 2 × d) I-14 504.0 (CDCl₃)0.99-1.11 (6H, m), 1.18-1.30 (6H, m), 1.86-2.15 (4H, m), 1.28 + 1.30(3H, 2 × s), 2.36-2.86 (3H, m), 3.56-3.68 (1H, m), 3.86 (3H, s),3.87-4.05 (2H, m), 4.50-4.84 (3H, m), 5.55 + 5.59 (1H, 2 × d), 6.86-7.01(2H, m), 7.16-7.23 (1H, m), 7.37 + 7.54 (1H, 2 × d) I-15 504.0 (CDCl₃)0.85-1.11 (9H, m), 1.55-1.73 (2H, m), 1.89-2.20 (4H, m), 2.28 + 2.29(3H, 2 × s), 2.35-2.55 (2H, m), 2.71-2.87 (1H, m), 3.48-3.76 (3H, m),3.86 (3H, s), 3.98-4.06 (1H, m), 4.52-4.86 (3H, m), 5.44-5.49 (1H, m),6.24 + 6.35 (1H, 2 × d), 6.88-6.99 (2H, m), 7.14-7.21 (1H, m), 7.41 +7.55 (1H, 2 × d) I-16 480.5 (CDCl3) 1.0-1.15 (6H, m), 1.3-1.4 (3H, m),1.9-2.2 (4H, m), 2.4-2.5 (2H, m), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m), 3.7-3.8 (2H, m),3.9-4.0 (2H, m), 4.65-4.75 (2H, m), 4.88-4.92 (1H, m), 5.5-5.52 (1H, m),6.85-6.9 (1H, m), 7.4-7.55 (1H, m), 7.7-7.75 (1H, m) I-17 474.6(DMSO-d₆) 1.05 (9H, s), 1.15 (3H, t), 1.8-2.1 (4H, m), 2.3 (3H, s),2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 2.7-2.8 (1H, m), 3.6-3.9 (4H, m), 4.4-4.45 (1H, m),4.5-4.7 (2H, m), 5.55-5.6 (1H, m), 7.2-7.4 (4H, m), 8.1 (1H, d), 8.25(1H, d) I-18 514.5 (DMSO-d₆) 0.9-1.0 (6H, m), 1.15 (3H, t), 1.8-2.1 (4H,m), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 2.7-2.8 (1H, m), 3.6-3.85 (3H, m), 3.9-3.95 (1H,m), 4.4-4.6 (3H, m), 5.55-5.6 (1H, m), 7.4-7.45 (1H, m), 7.6-7.8 (3H,m), 8.22 (1H, d), 8.75 (1H, d) I-19 480.5 (CDCl₃) 1.13 (9H, s),1.90-2.20 (3H, m), 2.35-2.44 (2H, m), 2.86 (1H, dd), 3.56 (3H, s),3.72-3.74 (1H, m), 3.90-3.99 (1H, m), 4.62-4.65 (1H, m), 4.69-4.70 (1H,m), 4.90 (1H, d), 5.36 (1H, d), 6.94 (1H, d), 7.28-7.46 (4H, m), 7.71(1H, dd) I-20 542.5 (CDCl₃) 1.09 (9H, s), 1.27 (6H, m), 1.93-2.14 (3H,m), 2.34-2.42 (2H, m), 2.79-2.83 (1H, m), 3.71 (1H, m), 3.90-3.94 (1H,m), 4.01-4.04 (1H, m), 4.62-4.67 (2H, m), 4.88-4.91 (1H, m), 5.56 (1H,m), 6.46 (1H, m), 7.40 (1H, m), 7.54-7.62 (3H, m), 7.74 (1H, m) I-21494.5 (CDCl₃) 1.12 (9H, s), 1.29 (3H, t), 1.90-2.20 (3H, m), 2.36-2.43(2H, m), 2.85 (1H, dd), 3.67-3.72 (2H, m), 3.90-3.96 (2H, m), 4.62-4.65(2H, m) 4.91 (1H, d), 5.46 (1H, d), 6.95 (1H, d), 7.34-7.46 (4H, m),7.71 (1H, dd) I-22 528.4 (CDCl₃) 1.10 (9H, s), 1.29 (3H, t), 1.90-2.20(3H, m), 2.35-2.42 (2H, m), 2.84 (1H, dd), 3.68-3.72 (2H, m), 3.90-3.95(2H, m), 4.62-4.80 (2H, m), 4.89 (1H, d), 5.47 (1H, d), 6.45 (1H, d),7.43 (1H, d), 7.54-7.61 (3H, m), 7.73 (1H, dd) I-23 508.5 (CDCl₃) 0.95(3H, t), 1.12 (9H, s), 1.60-1.70 (2H, m), 1.88-2.20 (3H, m), 2.35-2.45(2H, m), 2.77-2.85 (1H, m), 3.53-3.61 (1H, m), 3.65-3.75 (1H, m),3.76-3.84 (1H, m), 3.88-3.96 (1H, m), 4.60-4.73 (2H, m), 4.91 (1H, d),5.44 (1H, d), 6.96 (1H, d), 7.30-7.50 (4H, m), 7.73 (1H, d) I-24 522.5(CDCl₃) 0.86 (3H, t), 1.18 (9H, s), 1.21-1.65 (4H, m), 1.85-2.17 (3H,m), 2.36-2.59 (2H, m), 2.68-2.78 (1H, m), 3.44-3.54 (1H, m), 3.56-3.72(2H, m), 3.98-4.10 (1H, m), 4.56-4.85 (3H, m), 5.44 (1H, d), 6.95-7.02(1H, m), 7.32-7.74 (5H, m) I-25 578.3 (DMSO-d₆) 0.99-1.21 (12H, m),1.70-2.00 (3H, m), 2.01-2.17 (1H, m), 2.40-2.51 (1H, m), 2.70-2.80 (1H,m), 3.50-3.88 (4H, m), 4.40 (1H, m), 4.55 (1H, m), 4.65 (1H, m), 5.58(1H, d), 7.36 (1H, m), 7.50 (1H, m), 7.61 (1H, m), 8.21 (1H, d), 8.70(1H, d) I-26 494.5 (CDCl₃) 0.95 (3H, t), 1.05-1.15 (6H, m), 1.55-1.8(3H, m), 2.0-2.25 (4H, m), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 2.6-2.9 (2H, m), 3.55-3.8(3H, m), 3.85-3.95 (1H, m), 4.05-4.1 (1H, m), 4.7-4.85 (2H, m), 5.5-5.55(1H, m), 6.85-6.9 (1H, m), 7.4-7.6 (3H, m), 7.7-7.8 (1H, m) I-27 494.5(CDCl₃) 0.95 (3H, t), 1.05-1.15 (6H, m), 1.5-1.7 (3H, m), 2.0-2.2 (4H,m), 2.4-2.6 (2H, m), 2.9-3.1 (1H, m), 3.4-3.5 (1H, m), 3.55-3.7 (2H, m),4.0-4.1 (1H, m), 4.35-4.5 (2H, m), 4.6-4.75 (1H, m), 4.8-4.9 (0.5H, m),5.35-5.38 (1H, m), 6.85-6.95 (1H, m), 7.4-7.55 (3H, m), 7.64-7.8 (1.5H,m) I-28 480.3 (CDCl3) 1.02-1.19 (7H, m), 1.22-1.28 (2H, m), 1.90-2.21(3H, m), 2.32-2.53 (2H, m), 2.95 (1H, 2 × dd), 3.44-3.50 (1H, m),3.59-78 (2H, m), 3.83-3.92 (1H, m), 4.02-4.09 (1H, m), 4.29-4.41 (1H,m), 5.34 (1H, 2 × s), 6.88 (1H, 2 × brd d), 7.31-7.42 (4H, m), 7.57 (1H,2 × brd d), 7.70 (1H, 2 × dd) I-29 508 (CDCl3) 0.83-0.97 (3H, m),1.02-1.14 (6H, m), 1.26-1.53 (3H, m), 1.55-1.66 (1H, m), 1.91-2.20 (4H,m), 2.35-2.61 (2H, m), 2.73-2.90 (1H, m), 3.54-3.74 (3H, m), 3.84-3.90(0.5H, m), 3.99-4.06 (0.5H, m), 4.61-4.75 (2H, m), 4.77-4.93 (0.5H, m),5.45-5.51 (1H, m), 6.87 (1H, brd), 7.34-7.45 (4H, m), 7.55 (0.5H, brd),7.70-7.22 (1H, m) I-30 508 (400 MHz, CDCl3) 0.87-0.97 (3H, m), 0.99-1.16(6H, m), 1.27-1.40 (2H, m), 1.48-1.59 (1H, m), 1.91-2.19 (4H, m),2.30-2.52 (2H, m), 2.90-3.07 (1H, m), 3.39-3.45 (0.5H, m), 3.54-3.71(2H, m), 3.78-3.82 (0.5H, m), 3.86-3.92 (0.5H, m), 4.04-4.09 (0.5H, m),4.31-4.35 (1H, m), 4.39-4.43 (1H, m), 4.56-4.59 (0.5H, m), 4.66-4.68(1H, m), 4.80-4.86 (0.5H, m), 5.32-5.41 (1H, m), 6.87-6.91 (1H, m),7.31-7.45 (4H, m), 7.55-7.76 (2H, m) I-31 494.4 (CDCl3) 1.04-1.19 (8H,m), 1.25-1.28 (3H, m), 1.92-2.18 (4H, m), 2.32-2.43 (1H, m), 2.62-2.87(2H, m), 3.59-3.71 (1H, m), 3.85-3.95 (1H, m), 4.00-4.05 (1H, m),4.60-4.67 (3H, m), 5.60 (1H, 2 × d), 6.88 (1H, brd d), 7.36-7.50 (4H,m), 7.52-7.56 (1H, m), 7.76 (1H, 2 × dd) I-32 494.3 (CDCl3) 0.87-1.24(10H, m), 1.88-2.07 (3H, m), 2.13-2.21 (1H, m), 2.32-2.54 (2H, m), 2.94(1H, 2 × dd), 3.57-3.68 (1H, m), 3.83-3.87 (1H, m), 4.02-4.09 (1H, m),4.27-4.30 (1H, m), 4.41 (1H, dd), 4.51-4.69 (1H, m), 5.43 (1H, 2 × s),6.89 (1h, 2 × brd d), 7.30-7.45 (4H, m), 7.52 (1H, 2 × brd d), 7.70 (1H,2 × dd) I-33 550.5 (DMSO) 0.70 (2H, m, CH2), 0.89 (2H, m, CH2),0.95-1.20 (12H, m, CH3, tbutyl), 1.71-2.13 (4H, m, CH2), 2.45 (1H, m,asp CH2), 2.75 (1H, m, asp CH2), 3.35-3.89 (4H, m, CH2, CH), 3.99 (1H,m, CH), 4.37 (1H, m, CH), 4.51 (1H, m, CH), 4.65 (1H, m, CH), 5.58 (1H,d, CHO), 6.90 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.35 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.45 (1H, m, arylH), 8.25 (1H, d, NH), 8.35 (1H, d, NH) I-34 508.5 DMSO) 0.99-1.21 (12H,m, CH3, tBu), 1.75-2.14 (4H, m, CH2), 2.38 (3H, s, CH3), 2.40-2.51 (1H,m, asp CH2), 2.70-2.82 (1H, m, asp CH2), 3.37-3.90 (4H, m, CH2, CH),4.39 (1H, m, CH), 4.55 (1H, m, CH), 4.67 (1H, m, CH), 5.58 (1H, d, CH),7.15 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.28 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.38 (1H, m, aryl H), 8.25(1H, m, NH), 8.38 (1H, m, NH) I-35 510 CDCl3 1.00 (3H, d), 1.10 (3H, d),1.27 (3H, t), 1.90-2.19 (4H, m), 2.34-2.45 (2H, m), 2.79-2.87 (1H, m),3.65-3.71 (2H, m), 3.84-4.93 (2H, m), 3.92 (3H, s), 4.56-4.70 (2H, m),4.82-4.88 (1H, m), 4.45 (1H, d), 6.69 (1H, d), 6.99 (1H, d), 7.16 (1H,d), 7.27 (1H, t), 7.37 (1H, d) I-36 522.5 (DMSO) 0.95-1.25 (15H, m, tBu,CH3), 1.78-2.13 (4H, m, CH2), 2.43 (1H, m, CH2), 2.65-2.80 (3H, m, CH2),3.50-3.88 (4H, m, CH2, CH), 4.42 (1H, m, CH), 4.58 (1H, m, CH), 4.70(1H, d, CH), 5.58 (1H, d, CH), 7.15 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.27 (1H, m, arylH), 7.38 (1H, m, aryl H), 8.27 (1H, d, NH), 8.39 (1H, d, NH) I-37 510.5CDCl3 1.05-1.12 (6H, m), 1.25-1.3 (3H, m), 1.9-2.2 (2H, m), 2.4-2.5 (2H,m), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m), 3.65-3.75 (2H, m), 3.85 (3H, s), 3.9-4.0 (1H, m),4.65-4.75 (2H, m), 4.85-4.9 (1H, m), 6.9-6.93 (1H, m), 6.98 (1H, s),7.05-7.1 (1H, m), 7.4-7.45 (1H, m), 7.75-7.8 (1H, d) I-38 564 CDCl30.38-0.42 (2H, m), 0.63-0.71 (2H, m), 1.11 (9H, s), 1.23-1.35 (4H, m),1.88-2.20 (3H, m), 2.34-2.45 (2H, m), 2.76-2.87 (1H, m), 3.66-3.75 (2H,m), 3.87-3.96 (4H, m), 4.62-4.73 (2H, m), 4.89 (1H, d), 5.47 (1H, d),6.80 (1H, d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.19-7.29 (2H, m), 7.48 (1H, d) I-39 510(DMSO) 1.11 (9H, s), 1.28 (3H, t), 1.83-2.22 (3H, m), 2.36-2.43 (2H, m),2.82-2.87 (1H, m), 3.66-3.76 (2H, m), 3.86-3.97 (2H, m), 4.62-4.71 (2H,m), 4.88 (1H, d), 5.45 (1H, d), 6.31 (1H, s), 6.73 (1H, d), 7.05-7.20(3H, m), 7.38 (1H, d) I-40 537.4 (CDCl3) 1.06 (6H, dd), 1.28-1.31 (4H,m), 1.91-2.20 (4H, m), 2.23 (3H, s), 2.39 (1H, dd), 2.84 (1H, dd),3.65-3.72 (2H, m), 3.86-3.94 (2H, m), 4.61-4.73 (2H, m), 4.87 (1H, dd),5.46 (1H, dd), 7.00-7.04 (1H, m), 7.22 (1H, brd s), 7.38-7.45 (2H, m),7.73 (1H, d), 7.80 (1H, brd s) I-41 551.5 (DMSO) 0.95-1.20 (12H, m, tBu,CH3), 2.75-2.15 (7H, m, CH2, COCH3), 2.42 (1H, m, CH2), 2.77 (1H, m,CH2), 3.50-3.88 (4H, m, CH2, CH), 4.37 (1H, m, CH), 4.55 (1H, m, CH),4.67 (1H, d, CH), 5.58 (1H, d, CH), 7.09 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.32 (1H, m,aryl H), 7.71 (1H, m, aryl H), 8.26 (1H, m, NH), 8.49 (1H, m, NH), 9.58(1H, m, NH) I-42 531.6 (DMSO) 0.95-1.20 (12H, m, tBu, CH3), 1.75-2.17(10H, m, CH3, COCH3, CH2), 2.45 (1H, m, CH2), 2.77 (1H, m, CH2),3.48-3.91 (4H, m, CH2, CH), 4.31-4.70 (3H, m, CH), 5.55 (1H, d, CH),7.04 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.18 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.41 (1H, m, aryl H), 8.20(1H, d, NH), 8.27 (1H, d, NH), 9.39 (1H, brs, NH) I-43 551.4 DMSO) 1.04(9H, s), 1.12-1.17 (3H, m), 1.78-1.95 (4H, m), 2.06 (3H, s), 2.45 (1H,dd), 2.72 (1H, dd), 3.52-3.81 (4H, m), 4.36-4.39 (1H, m), 4.47-4.54 (1H,m), 4.64 (1H, d), 5.54 (1H, dd), 7.33-7.35 (1H, m), 7.43-7.46 (1H, m),7.81 (1H, brd s), 8.21-8.25 (2H, m), 10.23 (1H, brd s) I-44 535.4 (DMSO)1.02 (9H, s), 1.14 (3H, t), 1.78-1.98 (4H, m), 2.08 (3H, s), 2.48 (1H,dd), 2.79 (1H, dd), 3.51-3.82 (4H, m), 4.36-4.39 (1H, m), 4.49-4.58 (1H,m), 4.71 (1H, d), 5.54 (1H, d), 7.31-7.34 (1H, m), 7.65-7.72 (3H, m),8.49 (1H, d), 10.38 (1H, s) I-45 521.4 (DMSO) 0.95 (6H, dd), 1.12-1.16(4H, m), 1.72-1.97 (4H, m), 2.07 (3H, s), 2.48 (1H, dd), 2.73 (1H, dd),3.51-3.62 (2H, m), 3.71-3.83 (2H, m), 4.35-4.38 (1H, m), 4.48-4.59 (2H,m), 5.53 (1H, d), 7.29-7.31 (1H, m), 7.59-7.67 (2H, m), 8.01-8.05 (1H,m), 8.28 (1H, d), 10.35 (1H, s) I-46 538.5 (CDCl3 1.1-1.12 (6H, m), 1.3(3H, m), 1.4 (6H, d), 2.0-2.2 (2H, m), 2.4-2.5 (2H, m), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m),3.7-3.75 (2H, m), 3.9-4.0 (1H, m), 4.6-4.75 (3H, m), 4.85-4.95 (1H, m),6.85-6.9 (1H, m), 6.95 (1H, s), 7.05-7.1 (1H, m), 7.4-7.45 (1H, m), 7.8(1H, d) I-47 510.5 (CDCl3) 1.15 (9H, m), 1.25 (3H, t), 2.0-2.2 (4H, m),2.4-2.5 (2H, m), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m), 3.7-3.85 (2H, m), 3.9-4.0 (1H, m),4.05-4.1 (1H, m), 4.7-4.8 (1H, m), 4.85 (1H, d), 5.5 (1H, m), 6.5 (1H,d), 6.8 (1H, s), 7.2 (1H, d), 7.4 (1H, d), 7.55 (1H, d) I-48 538.5(CDCl3) 1.12 (9H, s), 1.29 (3H, t), 1.90-2.20 (3H, m), 2.36-2.43 (2H,m), 2.85 (1H, m), 3.42 (3H, s), 3.68-3.74 (2H, m), 3.91-3.95 (2H, m),4.48 (2H, s), 4.62-4.75 (2H, m), 4.90 (1H, m), 5.47 (1H, m), 7.00 (1H,m), 7.31 (1H, m), 7.43-7.54 (2H, m), 7.72 (1H, m) I-49 579.5 (CDCl3)1.12 (9H, s), 1.28-1.31 (9H, m), 1.90-2.20 (3H, m), 2.36-2.43 (2H, m),2.54 (1H, m), 2.85 (1H, m), 3.68-3.72 (2H, m), 3.91-3.95 (2H, m),4.62-4.69 (2H, m), 4.88 (1H, d), 5.47 (1H, m), 7.14 (1H, d), 7.27 (1H,m), 7.41 (1H, m), 7.50 (1H, d), 7.78 (1H, d), 7.87 (1H, m) I-50 577.3(DMSO) 1.12-1.16 (7H, m), 1.58-1.81 (5H, m), 1.83-1.92 (5H, m),2.04-2.08 (4H, m), 2.50 (1H, dd), 2.75 (1H, dd), 3.57-3.66 (2H, m),3.72-3.78 (1H, m), 3.82-3.91 (1H, m), 4.33-4.36 (1H, m), 4.46 (1H, t),4.52-4.61 (1H, m), 5.54 (1H, d), 7.32 (1H, d), 7.43 (1H, dd), 7.81 (1H,d), 8.25 (1H, d), 8.47 (1H, d), 10.22 (1H, s) I-51 567.4 (DMSO)0.98-1.25 (12H, m, tBu, CH3), 1.78-2.14 (4H, m, CH2), 2.44 (1H, m, CH2),2.78 (1H, m, CH2), 3.50-3.88 (7H, m, CH3, CH2, CH), 4.38 (1H, m, CH),4.55 (1H, m, CH), 4.67 (1H, d, CH), 5.58 (1H, d, CH), 7.30-7.42 (2H, m,aryl H), 7.60 (1H, brs, NH), 8.21 (2H, m, aryl H, NH), 9.99 (1H, brs,NH). I-52 586.4 (DMSO) 0.95-1.24 (12H, m, tBu, CH3), 1.70-2.13 (4H, m,CH2), 2.44 (1H, m, CH2), 2.75 (1H, m, CH2), 3.45-3.90 (4H, m, CH2, CH),4.37 (1H, m, CH), 4.55 (1H, m, CH), 4.70 (1H, d, CH), 5.57 (1H, d, CH),6.91 (2H, d, aryl H), 7.06-7.19 (3H, m, aryl H), 7.30-7.45 (3H, m, arylH), 8.20 (1H, d, NH), 8.55 (1H, d, NH) I-53 578.5 (DMSO) 0.9-1.0 (6H,m), 1.18 (3H, t), 1.8-2.15 (4H, m), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 2.7-2.8 (1H, m),3.6-3.85 (4H, m), 4.4-4.6 (3H, m), 5.55 (1H, d), 7.05 (1H, d), 7.3-7.35(2H, m), 7.98 (1H, s), 8.3 (1H, d), 8.45 (1H, d), 10.7 (1H, s) I-54495.0 (DMSO) 0.94-0.98 (6H, m), 1.13-1.18 (3H, m), 1.80-2.10 (5H, m),2.50 (1H, m), 2.73 (1H, m), 3.58-3.61 (2H, m), 3.74 (1H, m), 3.9 (1H,m), 4.38-4.41 (2H, m), 4.60 (1H, m), 5.46 (2H, s), 5.54 (1H, m), 6.48(1H, m), 6.80 (1H, m), 7.04 (1H, m), 8.27 (1H, d), 8.40 (1H, d) I-55535.0 (CDCl3) 1.25 (3H, t), 1.99-2.01 (3H, s), 2.30-2.39 (1H, m), 2.68(1H, dd), 2.79 (1H, dd), 3.21-3.27 (1H, m), 3.39 (1H, dd), 3.47-3.51(2H, m), 3.65-3.75 (1H, m), 3.88-3.94 (1H, m), 4.64-4.68 (1H, m),4.70-4.78 (1H, m), 5.56 (1H, d), 7.31-7.35 (5H, m), 7.63-7.65 (1H, m),8.00 (1H, d), 8.76 (1H, d) I-56 545.0 (CDCl3) 1.25 (3H, t), 2.01-2.03(3H, m), 2.25 (3H, s), 2.30-2.37 (1H, m), 2.65 (1H, dd), 2.80 (1H, dd),3.27-3.41 (2H, m), 3.47 (1H, dd), 3.65-3.79 (2H, m), 3.85 (3H, s),3.86-3.90 (1H, m), 4.64-4.67 (1H, m), 4.71-4.80 (1H, m), 5.18-5.22 (1H,m), 5.54 (1H, d), 6.83 (1H, d), 6.90-6.97 (2H, m), 7.19 (1H, t),7.24-7.28 (1H, m), 7.90 (1H, d), 8.77 (1H, d) I-57 524.0 (CDCl3) 1.12(9H, s), 1.31 (3H, t), 1.93-2.20 (3H, m), 2.35-2.46 (2H, m), 2.79-2.86(1H, m), 3.65-3.74 (2H, m), 3.87-3.96 (2H, m), 3.95 (3H, s), 4.65-4.74(2H, m), 4.89 (1H, d), 5.47 (1H, d), 6.76 (1H, d), 7.03 (1H, d), 7.30(1H, t), 7.48 (1H, d) I-58 530.4 (CDCl3) 1.10 (9H, s), 1.28 (3H, t),1.43-1.56 (1H, m), 1.79-1.86 (3H, m), 1.99 (1H, brd), 2.29 (3H, s),2.30-2.37 (1H, m), 2.83 (1H, dd), 3.02 (1H, brs), 3.66-3.74 (1H, m),3.87 (3H, s), 3.88-3.94 (1H, m), 4.16 (1H, brs), 4.54 (1H, brs),4.66-4.74 (1H, m), 4.97 (1H, d), 5.46 (1H, d), 6.44 (1H, brd), 6.93 (1H,d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.22 (1H, t), 7.78 (1H, brd) I-59 520.5 (CDCl3) 1.13(9H, s), 1.29 (3H, t), 1.76-1.90 (3H, m), 2.00 (1H, brd), 2.35 (1H, dd),2.83 (1H, dd), 3.66-3.74 (1H, m), 3.87-3.94 (1H, m), 4.15 (1H, s), 4.54(1H, brs), 4.62-4.78 (1H, m), 4.99 (1H, d), 5.46 (1H, d), 6.92 (1H,brd), 7.33-7.46 (3H, m), 7.69 (1H, brdd), 7.77 (1H, brd) I-60 577.5(CDCl3) 1.12 (9H, s), 1.26-1.31 (3H, m), 1.43-1.45 (1H, m), 1.83 (3H,brs), 1.99 (1H, brd), 2.06 (1H, m), 2.23 (3H, s), 2.34 (1H, brdd), 2.83(1H, brdd), 3.01 (1H, brs), 3.66-3.74 (1H, m), 3.87-3.95 (1H, m),4.12-4.19 (1H, m), 4.53 (1H, brs), 4.65-4.76 (1H, m), 4.98 (1H, d),5.45-5.47 (1H, m), 7.08 (1H, brd), 7.30 (1H, m), 7.37 (1H, brd),7.73-7.75 (1H, m), 7.80-7.82 (2H, m) I-61 591.5 (CDCl3) 1.14 (9H, s),1.22-1.30 (6H, m), 1.54-1.57 (1H, m), 1.77-1.85 (3H, m), 1.97 (1H, d),2.30-2.45 (3H, m), 2.75-2.84 (1H, m), 3.00 (1H, s), 3.63-3.72 (1H, m),3.84-3.93 (1H, m), 4.10-4.16 (1H, m), 4.51 (1H, s), 4.64-4.71 (1H, m),4.96 (1H, d), 5.45 (1H, d), 7.05 (1H, d), 7.26 (1H, s), 7.36 (1H, d),7.73 (1H, d), 7.80 (1H, d), 7.82 (1H, s) I-62 605.6 (CDCl3) 1.15 (9H,s), 1.3 (3H, t), 1.35 (6H, d), 1.4-1.55 (3H, m), 1.8-1.95 (3H, m),2.0-2.1 (1H, m), 2.3-2.4 (1H, m), 2.65-2.75 (1H, m), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m),3.05 (1H, s), 3.7-3.8 (1H, m), 3.9-4.0 (1H, m), 4.2 (1H, s), 4.55 (1H,s), 4.7-4.8 (1H, m), 5.0 (1H, d), 5.5 (1H, d), 6.6 (1H, d), 7.3-7.45(2H, m), 7.75 (1H, d), 7.85 (1H, s), 8.55 (1H, d) I-63 534.4 (CDCl3)1.13 (9H, s), 1.31 (3H, t), 1.42-1.48 (1H, m), 1.56 (1H, brs), 1.77-1.83(3H, m), 1.99 (1H, brd), 2.35 (1H, dd), 2.83 (1H, dd), 3.01 (1H, brs),3.67-3.76 (1H, m), 3.88-3.99 (4H, m), 4.14 (1H, brs), 4.52 (1H, brs),4.65-4.73 (1H, m), 5.00 (1H, dd), 5.47 (1H, d), 7.10-7.21 (2H, m),7.34-7.39 (1H, m), 7.56-7.61 (1H, m), 7.89 (1H, d) I-64 520.5 (CDCl3)1.03 (3H, d), 1.10 (3H, d), 1.32 (3H, t), 1.50 (1H, m), 1.59 (1H, m),1.812-1.84 (3H, m), 2.0 (1H, m), 2.15 (1H, m), 2.36 (1H, m), 2.83 (1H,m), 3.02 (1H, br s), 3.69 (1H, m), 3.90-3.95 (4H, m), 4.13 (1H, br s),4.40 (1H, br s), 4.67 (1H, m), 4.97 (1H, m), 5.47 (1H, d), 7.12-7.21(2H, m), 7.28 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, m), 7.80 (1H, m) I-65 530.9 (DMSO)0.91-2.40 (23H, m), 2.95-3.40 (2H, m), 3.51-3.81 (5H, m), 4.00-4.71 (3H,m), 5.29 (1H, m), 6.80 (1H, d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.19 (1H, t), 7.94 (1H,d), 8.48 (1H, d) I-66 522.8 (DMSO) 0.95-1.20 (12H, m), 1.24-1.40 (2H,m), 1.41-2.40 (6H, m), 3.05 (1H, m), 3.50-3.80 (3H, m), 4.15 (1H, m),4.60 (1H, m), 4.70 (1H, d), 5.30 (1H, s), 7.28-7.50 (4H, m), 8.35 (1H,d), 8.48 (1H, d) I-67 577.5 ⁽CDCl3) δ 1.10 (9H, s), 1.26-1.33 (3H, m),1.43-1.45 (1H, m), 1.74-1.83 (2H, m), 2.01 (1H, brd), 2.06 (1H, m), 2.30(3H, s), 2.37 (1H, brdd), 2.85 (1H, brdd), 2.99 (1H, brs), 3.69-3.76(1H, m), 3.89-3.97 (1H, m), 4.11-4.31 (2H, m), 4.53 (1H, brs), 4.65-4.76(1H, m), 4.95 (1H, d), 5.45-5.47 (1H, m), 6.75 (1H, brd), 7.67-7.69 (2H,m), 7.78 (1H, brs), 7.92 (1H, m), 8.55 (1H, brd) I-68 577.5 (CDCl3) 1.10(9H, s), 1.26-1.33 (3H, m), 1.43-1.45 (1H, m), 1.74-1.83 (2H, m), 2.01(1H, brd), 2.06 (1H, m), 2.30 (3H, s), 2.37 (1H, brdd), 2.85 (1H, brdd),2.99 (1H, brs), 3.69-3.76 (1H, m), 3.89-3.97 (1H, m), 4.11-4.31 (2H, m),4.53 (1H, brs), 4.65-4.76 (1H, m), 4.95 (1H, d), 5.45-5.47 (1H, m), 6.75(1H, brd), 7.67-7.69 (2H, m), 7.78 (1H, brs), 7.92 (1H, m), 8.55 (1H,brd) I-69 591.5 (CDCl3) 1.10 (9H, s), 1.26-1.33 (6H, m), 1.42-1.16 (1H,m), 1.55-1.83 (4H, m), 2.01 (1H, brd), 2.36 (1H, dd), 2.53 (2H, q), 2.83(1H, dd), 2.99 (1H, brs), 3.69-3.76 (1H, m), 3.89-3.96 (1H, m), 4.11(1H, s), 4.53 (1H, brs), 4.66-4.77 (1H, m), 4.95 (1H, d), 5.48 (1H, d),6.76 (1H, d), 7.67-7.74 (2H, m), 8.80 (1H, s), 7.90 (1H, d), 8.58 (1H,d) I-70 537.4 (CDCl3) 1.12 (9H, s), 1.23-1.30 (3H, m), 1.36-1.41 (1H,m), 1.73-1.84 (3H, m), 1.98-2.03 (1H, m), 2.33-2.41 (1H, m), 2.75-2.83(1H, m), 2.96 (1H, brs), 3.65-3.73 (1H, m), 3.84-3.93 (1H, m), 4.11 (1H,brs), 4.56 (1H, s), 4.63-4.71 (1H, m), 4.96-4.99 (1H, m), 5.43-5.46 (1H,m), 7.64-7.72 (2H, m), 7.79-7.87 (3H, m), 8.48-8.52 (1H, m), 8.90 (1H,brd), 9.51 (1H, d) I-71 535.6 (CDCl3) 1.09 (9H, s), 1.32 (3H, t),1.41-1.71 (5H, m), 1.76-1.87 (3H, m), 2.00 (1H, brd), 2.37 (1H, dd),2.83 (1H, dd), 2.98 (1H, brs), 3.68-3.77 (1H, m), 3.89-3.97 (1H, m),4.11 (1H, s), 4.54 (1H, brs), 4.67-4.74 (1H, m), 4.95 (1H, d), 5.48 (1H,d), 6.64 (1H, brd), 6.78 (1H, d), 7.54 (1H, dd), 7.71 (1H, brd), 7.78(1H, d) I-72 521.5 (CDCl3) 1.05 (3H, d), 1.15 (3H, d), 1.35 (3H, t),1.5-1.6 (1H, m), 1.6-1.7 (1H, m), 1.8-1.9 (2H, s), 2.0-2.05 (1H, m),2.15-2.25 (1H, m), 2.35-2.45 (1H, m), 2.8-2.9 (1H, m), 2.95 (1H, s),3.7-3.8 (1H, m), 3.9-4.0 (1H, m), 4.1 (1H, s), 4.45 (3H, s), 4.7-4.8(1H, m), 4.9-4.95 (1H, m), 5.55 (1H, d), 6.7 (1H, d), 6.85 (1H, d), 7.65(1H, d), 7.75 (1H, d), 7.82 (1H, s) I-73 537.4 (CDCl3) 1.14 (9H, s),1.25 (3H, t), 1.40-1.46 (1H, m), 1.77-1.89 (3H, m), 1.98-2.02 (1H, m),2.34 (1H, dd), 2.99-3.05 (1H, m), 3.62-3.69 (1H, m), 3.83-3.91 (1H, m),4.12 (1H, s), 4.29-4.34 (1H, m), 4.59 (1H, s), 4.99 (1H, d), 5.38 (1H,s), 7.67-7.76 (2H, m), 7.86 (2H, dd), 8.13 (1H, d), 8.56 (1H, d), 8.96(1H, d), 9.56 (1H, d)

Example II-1(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Method I

(S,S,S,R)-1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carboxylicacid [(2R)-ethoxy-5-oxo-tetrahydro-furan-(3S)-yl]-amide (97.6 mg, 0.20mmol) was dissolved in a mixture of 2M HCl (2 ml) and MeCN (2 ml). Thereaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2.5 hours. Theresulting crude mixture was diluted with EtOAc and washed with water.The aqueous layer was extracted twice with EtOAc. The combined organicextracts were washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filteredand concentrated in vacuo. The residue was co-evaporated with DCM/Petrolto afford the title compound as a white solid (81.3 mg, 88% yield).

Compounds of formula II-2 to II-61 have been prepared by methodssubstantially similar to those described in Example II-1.

Example II-2(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-3(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[3-Methyl-(2S)-(2-methyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-4(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-5(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[3-Methyl-(2S)-(2-trifluoromethoxy-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-6(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(3-Hydroxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-7(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(3-Amino-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-8(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2,3-Dichloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-9(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl]-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-10(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(3-Chloro-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-11(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2,4-Dichloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-12(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2,5-Dichloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-13(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2,6-Dichloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-14(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2,6-Methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-15(S,S,S)-(3S)-[(1-{3-Methyl-(2S)-[(2-methyl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl)-amino]-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-16(S,S,S)-(3S)-[(1-{3-Methyl-(2S)-[(4-methyl-pyridine-3-carbonyl)-amino]-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl)-amino]-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-17(S,S,S)-(3S)-[(1-{3-Methyl-(2S)-[(3-methyl-thiophene-2-carbonyl)-amino]-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl)-amino]-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-18(S,S,S)-(3S)-[(1-{(2S)-[(2,3-Dichloro-pyridine-4-carbonyl)-amino]-3-methyl-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl)-amino]-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-19(S,S,S)-(3S)-[(1-{(2S)-[(3,5-Dichloro-pyridine-4-carbonyl)-amino]-3-methyl-butyryl}-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl)-amino]-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-20(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-21(S,S,S)-4-Oxo-(3S)-({1-[4,4,4-trifluoro-(2S)-(2-methyl-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-butyricacid

Example II-22(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(5-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-23(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3-thiazol-4-yl-propionyl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-24(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-4,4,4-trifluoro-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-25(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3-thiazol-4-yl-propionyl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-26(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[3,3-Dimethyl-(2S)-(2-methyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-27(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[3-Methyl-(2S)-(2-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-28(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-29(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[3,3-Dimethyl-(2S)-(2-trifluoromethyl-benzoylamino)-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-30(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-31(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-32(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-trifluoromethoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-33(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-cyclopropyloxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-34(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-35(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-36(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-ethyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-37(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-38(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-cyclopropylmethoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-39(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-40(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-41(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-42(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-methyl-3-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-43(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-44(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-fluoro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-45(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-fluoro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-46(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-isopropyloxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-47(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-hydroxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-48(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-methoxymethyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-49(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-isobutyrylamido-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-50(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-acetamido-benzoylamino)-3-cyclohexyl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-51(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-4-methoxycarbonylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-52(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-3-phenoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-53(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-6-amino-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-pyrrolidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-54(S,S,S)-(3S)-({1-[(2S)-(2-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-piperidine-(2S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example I-55(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(3-Methoxy-2-methyl-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-56(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-57(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(4-Acetylamino-2-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-58(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-4-propionylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-59(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(2-Chloro-3-isobutyrylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-60(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-61(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(2-Fluoro-3-methoxy-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-62(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(4-Acetylamino-3-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-63(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(3-Chloro-4-propionylamino-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-64(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(Isoquinolin-1-ylcarbonylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-65(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(4-Amino-3-chloro-benzoylamino)-3,3-dimethyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

Example II-66(3S)-({2-[(2S)-(4-Amino-3-chloro-benzoylamino)-3-methyl-butyryl]-2-(1S,4R)-aza-bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane-(3S)-carbonyl}-amino)-4-oxo-butyricacid

The characterization data for compounds II-1 to II-66 is summarized inTable 4 below and includes HPLC, LC/MS (observed) and ¹H NMR data. ¹HNMR data was obtained at 400 MHz, and was found to be consistent withstructure.

TABLE 4 Characterization Data for Selected Compounds of Formula II(According to Compound Number) M + 1 No. (obs) ¹H-NMR II-1 462.1(DMSO-d₆) 0.82-0.98 (6H, m), 1.89-2.07 (5H, m), 2.10 (3H, s), 3.0 (1H,m), 3.63 (1H, m), 3.79 (3H, s), 3.88 (1H, m), 4.00 (1H, m), 4.25 (1H,m), 4.40-4.44 (2H, m), 5.45 (1H, br s), 6.83 (1H, d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.19(1H, t), 7.77 (1H, br s), 8.32-8.50 (2H, m) II-2 452.0 (DMSO-d₆)0.95-0.99 (6H, m), 1.87-2.09 (5H, m), 3.00 (1H, m), 3.64 (1H, m), 3.85(1H, m), 4.04 (1H, m), 4.25 (1H, m), 4.40 (1H, m), 4.47 (1H, m), 5.45(1H, m), 7.34-7.49 (4H, m), 7.78 (1H, m), 8.40 (1H, m), 8.64 (1H, m)II-3 432.1 (DMSO-d₆) 0.94-0.99 (6H, m), 1.87-2.09 (5H, m), 2.30 (3H, s),2.90 (1H, m), 3.64 (1H, m), 3.88 (1H, m), 4.03 (1H, m), 4.30 (1H, m),4.44 (1H, m), 5.45 (1H, m), 7.19-7.33 (4H, m), 7.77 (1H, br s),8.35-8.40 (2H, m) II-4 448.0 (CD₃OD) 1.05-1.18 (6H, m), 2.00-2.30 (5H,m), 2.52-2.75 (2H, m), 3.66-3.83 (1H, m), 3.92-4.03 (1H, m), 4.26-4.35(1H, m), 4.45-4.55 (1H, m), 4.61-4.70 (1H, m), 4.78-4.85 (1H, m), 7.13(1H, t), 7.21 (1H, d), 7.57 (1H, t), 8.00 (1H, d), 8.69 (1H, d) II-5502.0 (CD₃OD) 0.98-1.15 (6H, m), 1.95-2.26 (5H, m), 2.54-2.76 (2H, m),3.73-3.84 (1H, m), 3.99-4.06 (1H, m), 4.21-4.32 (1H, m), 4.45-4.53 (1H,m), 4.60-4.70 (2H, m), 7.30-4.47 (2H, m), 7.54-7.64 (2H, m) II-6 448.1(DMSO-d₆) 0.92-0.98 (6H, m), 1.85-2.04 (5H, m), 2.07 (3H, s), 3.00 (1H,m), 3.63 (1H, m), 3.87 (1H, m), 4.03 (1H, m), 4.25 (1H, m), 4.41 (1H,m), 5.45 (1H, m), 6.68 (1H, m), 6.82 (1H, m), 7.01 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H,m), 8.25 (1H, d), 8.40 (1H, m), 9.5 (1H, m) II-7 447.0 (CD₃OD) 1.02-1.18(6H, m), 1.88-2.28 (5H, m), 2.39 (3H, s), 2.50-2.78 (2H, m), 3.75-3.83(1H, m), 4.00-4.10 (1H, m), 4.21-4.32 (1H, m), 4.45-4.52 (1H, m),4.60-4.65 (2H, m), 7.39-7.54 (3H, m) II-8 446.0 (DMSO-d₆) 0.94-0.99 (6H,m), 1.71-2.12 (4H, m), 2.33 (1H, br s), 2.67 (1H, br s), 2.94-3.07 (1H,m), 3.61-3.69 (1H, m), 3.82-3.87 (1H, m), 4.03-4.10 (1H, m), 4.19-4.28(1H, m), 4.30-4.43 (2H, m), 5.42-5.47 (1H, m), 7.28-7.30 (1H, m),7.37-7.40 (1H, m), 7.68-7.82 (2H, m), 8.77 (1H, d) II-9 519.9 (DMSO-d₆)0.94-0.99 (6H, m), 1.86-2.09 (5H, m), 3.00 (1H, m), 3.65 (1H, m), 3.84(1H, m), 4.05 (1H, m), 4.24 (1H, m), 4.40 (1H, m), 4.51 (1H, m), 5.45(1H, m), 7.57-7.62 (2H, m), 7.77 (1H, d), 7.90 (1H, m), 8.40 (1H, d),8.87 (1H, d) II-10 466.0 (DMSO-d₆) 0.93-0.99 (6H, 2 × d), 1.77-2.19 (5H,m), 2.29 (3H, s), 2.97 (1H, br s), 3.62-3.65 (1H, m), 3.85-3.88 (1H, m),4.00-4.32 (2H, br m), 4.41-4.53 (2H, m), 5.45 (1h, br s), 7.18-7.27 (2H,m), 7.45-7.50 (1H, m), 7.85 (1h, br d), 8.41 (1H, br d), 8.57 (1H, d)II-11 485.9 (DMSO-d₆) 0.82-0.86 (3H, m), 0.93-0.98 (3H, m), 1.87-2.08(5H, m), 3.00 (1H, m), 3.64 (1H, m), 3.82 (1H, m), 4.10 (1H, m), 4.30(1H, m), 4.45 (1H, m), 4.47 (1H, m), 5.44 (1H, d), 7.37 (1H, m), 7.47(1H, m), 7.65 (1H, m), 7.77 (1H, m), 8.40 (1H, m), 8.72 (1H, m) II-12485.9 (DMSO-d₆) 0.94-0.99 (6H, m), 1.91-2.09 (5H, m), 3.00 (1H, m), 3.64(1H, m), 3.83 (1H, m), 4.03 (1H, m), 4.20 (1H, m), 4.40 (1H, m), 4.47(1H, m), 5.45 (1H, m), 7.37 (1H, s), 7.50-7.52 (2H, m), 7.78 (1H, m),8.44 (1H, m), 8.79 (1H, m) II-13 486.3 (DMSO-d₆) 0.82-0.86 (3H, m),0.92-0.99 (3H, m), 1.80-1.87 (2H, m), 1.99-2.02 (4H, m), 2.48 (0.5H, m),2.95 (0.5H, m), 3.51 (1H, m), 3.80-4.56 (4H, m), 5.00 and 5.47 (1H, 2 ×m), 7.37-7.48 (3H, m), 7.76-8.32 (1H, m), 8.95-9.39 (1H, 3 × dd) II-14446.0 (DMSO-d₆) 0.93-0.99 (6H, m), 1.80-2.09 (5H, m), 2.17 (6H, d), 2.95(1H, br s), 3.63-3.65 (1H, m), 3.96-3.99 (1H, m), 4.10 (1H, br s), 4.30(1H, br s), 4.44 (1H, t), 5.48 (1H, br s), 7.00 (2H, d), 7.14 (1H, t),7.78 (1H, br s), 8.50 (1H, br s), 8.55 (1H, d) II-15 433.1 (DMSO-d₆)0.91-1.02 (6H, m), 1.80-2.20 (5H, m), 2.66-2.68 (3H, s), 3.00 (1H, m),3.62-3.85 (3H, m), 4.10 (1H, m), 4.24 (1H, m), 4.51 (1H, m), 5.72 (1H,m), 7.73-7.76 (2H, m), 8.19 (1H, m), 8.52 (1H, m), 8.75 (1H, d), 8.90(1H, m) II-16 433.1 (DMSO-d₆) 0.9-1.05 (6H, m), 1.8-2.2 (6H, m), 2.3-2.4(1H, m), 2.7-2.75 (1H, m), 2.9-3.0 (1H, m), 3.65-3.75 (1H, m), 3.8-3.9(1H, m), 4.1-4.15 (1H, m), 4.3-4.4 (1H, m), 4.45-4.65 (1H, m), 7.8-7.9(1H, m), 8.7-8.8 (2H, d), 8.9.8.95 (1H, m) II-17 438.0 (DMSO-d₆)0.83-0.99 (6H, m), 1.80-2.20 (5H, m), 2.40 (3H, s), 3.00 (1H, m), 3.61(1H, m), 3.81 (1H, m), 4.10 (1H, m), 4.25 (1H, m), 4.42-4.46 (2H, m),5.44 (1H, br s), 6.97 (1H, m), 7.34 (1H, m), 7.59 (1H, m), 7.81 (1H, m),8.49 (1H, m) II-18 487.0 (DMSO-d₆) 0.92-1.00 (6H, m), 1.75-2.08 (5H, m),2.30-2.34 (1H, m), 2.99 (1H, dd), 3.62-3.67 (1H, m), 3.78-3.82 (1H, m),3.78-3.82 (1H, m), 4.05-4.26 (1H, m), 4.38-4.54 (2H, m), 5.44-5.72 (1H,m), 7.37-7.41 (1H, m), 8.41-8.43 (2H, m), 8.97-9.00 (1H, d) II-19 487.0(DMSO-d₆) 0.94-1.00 (6H, m), 1.77-2.15 (5H, m), 3.02 (1H, dd), 3.61-3.70(1H, m), 3.80-3.90 (1H, m), 4.03-4.08 (1H, m), 4.52-4.56 (1H, m), 4.95(2H, br s), 5.45 (1H, s), 8.42 (1H, d), 8.67 (2H, s), 9.17 (1H, d) II-20476.4 (DMSO-d₆) 0.91-1.11 (9H, m), 1.70-2.14 (7H, m), 2.31 (1H, m), 3.01(1H, m), 3.50-3.97 (5H, m), 4.00-4.62 (3H, m), 5.50 (1H, m), 6.77 (1H,d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.18 (1H, dd), 7.50-8.50 (3H, m) II-21 502.1 (DMSO-d₆)1.80-2.00 (3H, m), 2.11 (4H, overlapping s and m), 2.60-2.80 (2H, m),3.64-3.69 (1H, m), 3.80 (3H, s), 4.10 (1H, vbrs), 4.30 (1H, vbrs), 5.00(1H, m), 6.86 (1H, d), 7.03 (1H, d), 7.22 (1H, t), 8.45 (1H, vbrs), 8.81(1H, d) II-22 462.4 (DMSO-d₆) 0.93-1.00 (6H, m), 1.70-2.15 (5H, m), 2.22(3H, s), 2.33 (1H, d), 2.99 (1H, dd), 3.60-3.65 (2H, m), 3.74 (3H, s),4.04-4.08 (1H, m), 4.21-4.27 (1H, m), 4.40-4.58 (2H, m), 5.46 (1H, brdd), 6.78-6.81 (1H, m), 6.85-6.91 (1H, m), 7.09-7.14 (1H, m), 8.37 (2H, 2× brd d) II-23 517.0 (DMSO-d₆) 1.77-2.19 (5H, m), 2.95-3.28 (3H, m),3.60 (1H, brd d), 3.71-3.78 (4H, m), 4.10-4.42 (6H, m), 4.97 (1H, brds), 5.45-72 (1H, m), 6.74 (1H, d), 6.97 (1H, d), 7.10-7.22 (1H, m), 7.44(1H, m), 8.37-8.68 (2H, m), 9.05 (1H, brd s) II-24 492.0 (DMSO-d₆)1.75-1.98 (3H, m), 2.08-2.13 (1H, m), 2.64-2.77 (2H, m), 2.99 (0.5H,dd), 3.63-3.73 (2H, m), 4.08 (0.5H, brt), 4.20 (0.5H, dd), 4.23-4.49 (3multiplets, 1H total), 5.00-5.10 (1H, m), 5.42 (0.5H, s), 7.36-7.52 (4H,m), 7.77 (1H, m), 8.30 (0.5H, d), 9.09 (1H, d) II-25 507.0 (DMSO-d₆)1.79-1.96 (5H, m), 2.94-3.28 (3H, m), 3.58 (1H, brd d), 3.73 (1H, brdd), 4.04-4.59 (2H, m), 4.98-5.02 (1h, m), 5.54-5.74 (2H, m), 7.26-7.46(5H, m), 8.43 (1H, d), 8.82 (1H, d), 9.39 (1H, brd s) II-26 446.6(DMSO-d₆) 1.05 (9H, s), 1.15 (3H, t), 1.8-2.1 (4H, m), 2.3 (3H, s),2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 2.9-3.0 (1H, m), 3.7-3.75 (1H, m), 3.8-3.85 (1H, m),4.1-4.15 (0.5H, m), 4.25-4.3 (1H, m), 4.4-4.5 (0.5H, m), 4.7-4.75 (1H,m), 5.55-5.6 (1H, m), 7.2-7.4 (4H, m), 7.7-7.75 (1H, m), 8.1-8.15 (1H,m), 8.35-8.4 (1H, m) II-27 486.5 (DMSO-d₆) 0.95-1.05 (6H, m), 1.8-2.1(4H, m), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.7-3.75 (1H, m), 3.8-3.85(1H, m), 4.1-4.15 (0.5H, m), 4.25-4.3 (1H, m), 4.4-4.5 (0.5H, m),5.55-5.6 (1H, m), 7.4-7.45 (1H, m), 7.6-7.8 (3H, m), 8.4-8.45 (1H, m),8.75-8.8 (1H, m) II-28 466.1 (CDCl₃) 1.11-1.16 (9H, m), 1.94-2.22 (4H,m), 2.38-2.50 (2H, m), 2.77-2.87 (1H, m), 3.71-3.79 (1H, m), 3.96-4.06(1H, m), 4.56-4.67 (2H, m), 4.85-4.91 (1H, m), 6.99-7.02 (1H, m),7.28-7.45 (3H, m), 7.60-7.84 (2H, m) II-29 500.2 (CDCl₃) 1.07 (9H, s),1.85-2.19 (2H, m), 2.37-2.40 (2H, m), 2.81-3.07 (1H, m), 3.37 (1H, brs),4.01 (1H, brs), 4.46-4.67 (2H, m), 4.87 (1H, d), 5.73 (1H, brs), 6.68(1H, brs), 7.38-7.74 (5H, m) II-30 496.2 (CD₃OD) 1.15 (9H, s), 1.85-2.20(4H, m), 2.46-2.72 (2H, m), 3.74-3.81 (1H, m), 3.92 (3H, s), 3.93-4.03(1H, m), 4.20-4.31 (1H, m), 4.45-4.52 (1H, m), 4.60-4.75 (1H, m), 4.83(1H, s), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.15 (1H, d), 7.33 (1H, t) II-31 480.5 (DMSO-d₆)1.05 (9H, s), 1.8-2.1 (4H, m), 2.4-2.5 (1H, m), 3.75-3.8 (1H, m),3.8-3.85 (1H, m), 3.9 (3H, s), 4.1-4.3 (1H, m), 4.7 (1H, d), 5.3-5.5(0.5H, br s), 7.1-7.3 (3H, m), 7.7-7.8 (1H, m), 8.0-8.1 (1H, m),8.35-8.45 (1H, m) II-32 550.3 (DMSO-d₆) 0.91-1.10 (9H, m), 1.70-2.15(5H, m), 2.60-3.08 (1H, m), 3.60-3.90 (2H, m), 3.98-4.71 (3H, m),5.40-5.80 (1H, m), 7.30-7.91 (3H, m), 8.30-8.80 (3H, m) II-33 523.3(DMSO) 0.60-0.90 (4H, m, cyclopropyl CH2), 0.92-1.10 (9H, m, tBu),1.71-2.21 (5H, m, CH2), 2.65-3.10 (1H, brm, CH2), 3.36-3.50 (1H, m, CH),3.60-4.75 (6H, m, CH), 6.92 (1H, d, aryl H), 7.36 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.45(1H, m, aryl H), 7.65-8.60 (3H, m, NH, OH) II-34 480.3 (DMSO) 0.99-1.10(9H, m, tBu), 1.70-2.12 (5H, m, CH2), 2.35 (3H, s, CH3), 2.60-3.08 (1H,m, CH2), 3.58-3.87 (2H, m, CH), 4.00-4.70 (3H, m, CH), 5.38-5.79 (1H, m,CH), 7.12 (1H, d, aryl H), 7.24 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.38 (1H, m, aryl H),7.69-8.55 (3H, m, NH, OH) II-35 482 CD3OD 1.01-1.15 (6H, m), 1.95-2.22(5H, m), 2.48-2.69 (2H, m), 3.73-3.80 (1H, m), 4.92 (3H, s), 3.99-4.19(1H, m), 4.20-4.30 (1H, m), 4.58-4.67 (2H, m), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.14 (1H,d), 7.31 (1H, t) II-36 494.4 (DMSO) 0.94-1.08 (9H, s, tBu), 1.19 (3H, t,CH3), 1.70-2.40 (5H, m, CH2), 2.60-3.08 (3H, m, CH2), 3.69 (1H, m, CH),3.81 (1H, m, CH), 4.04-4.71 (3H, m, CH), 5.40-5.80 (1H, m, CH), 7.14(1H, m, aryl H), 7.31 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.39 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.70-8.50(3H, m, NH, OH) II-37 482.5 (DMSO) 0.9-1.0 (6H, m), 1.85-2.3 (4H, m),3.0-3.1 (1H, m), 3.65-3.7 (1H, m), 3.78 (3H, s), 3.8-3.85 (1H, m),4.1-4.15 (0.5H, m), 4.25-4.3 (0.5H, m), 4.5-4.55 (1H, m), 5.5-5.55 (1H,m), 6.93 (1H, d), 6.98 (1H, s), 7.35 (1H, d), 7.75-7.8 (1H, m), 8.45(1H, d) II-38 536 (CD3OD) 0.34-0.40 (2H, m), 0.60-0.67 (2H, m), 1.16(9H, s), 1.25-1.32 (1H, m), 1.93-2.22 (4H, m), 2.50-2.66 (2H, m),3.74-3.84 (1H, m), 3.91-4.03 (3H, m), 4.22-4.32 (1H, m), 4.45-4.54 (1H,m), 4.61-4.69 (1H, m), 4.82 (1H, d), 6.99 (1H, d), 7.12 (1H, d), 7.32(1H, t), 8.40 (1H, d) II-39 482 (CD3OD) 1.12 (9H, s), 1.90-2.22 (4H, m),2.512.70 (2H, m), 3.75-3.83 (1H, m), 3.97-4.05 (1H, m), 4.23-4.30 (1H,m), 4.46-4.54 (1H, m), 4.63-4.70 (1H, m), 4.83 (1H, d), 6.91 (1H, d),6.99 (1H, d), 7.17 (1H, t), 8.36 (1H, d) II-40 509.3 (DMSO) 0.93-0.98(6H, m) 1.71-2.09 (10H, m), 2.35-2.45 (2H, m), 3.61-3.64 (1H, m),4.02-4.04 (1H, m), 4.06-4.35 (2H, m), 4.43-4.46 (1H, m), 7.33 (1H, d),7.43-7.46 (1H, m), 7.80 (1H, brd s), 8.28-8.49 (2H, m), 10.25 (1H, brds) II-41 523.3 (DMSO) 0.95-1.08 (9H, s, tBu), 1.70-2.38 (8H, m, COCH3,CH2), 2.58-3.08 (1H, m, CH2), 3.65 (1H, m, CH), 3.82 (1H, m, CH0),3.95-4.69 (3H, m, CH), 5.40-5.60 (1H, m, CH), 7.09 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.31(1H, m, aryl H), 7.64-8.60 (4H, m, aryl H, NH), 9.55 (1H, m, CH) II-42503.4 (DMSO) 0.91-1.08 (9H, s, tBu), 1.70-2.40 (11H, m, CH3, COCH3,CH2), 2.60-3.08 (1H, m, CH2), 3.66 (1H, m, CH), 3.87 (1H, m, CH),4.00-4.65 (3H, m, CH), 5.40-5.78 (1H, m, CH), 7.04 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.18(1H, m, aryl H), 7.38 (1H, m, aryl H), 7.65-7.88 (1H, m, NH), 8.07-8.70(2H, m, NH), 9.34 (1H, m, CH) II-43 523.3 (DMSO) 1.03 (9H, s), 1.71-2.00(3H, m), 2.07 (3H, s), 2.55-2.73 (1H, m), 2.97 (1H, dd), 3.60-3.67 (1H,m), 3.75-3.82 (1H, m), 3.98-4.04 (1H, m), 4.19-4.24 (1H, m), 4.37-4.45(1H, m), 4.63 (1H, d), 5.45 (1H, d), 7.33-7.35 (1H, m), 7.43-7.45 (1H,d), 7.76-7.83 (2H, m), 8.25-8.28 (1H, m), 8.41-8.58 (1H, m), 10.27 (1H,s) II-44 507.4 (DMSO) 1.01 (9H, 2 × s), 1.72-1.99 (4H, m), 2.05-2.09(4H, m), 2.35-2.57 (2H, m), 2.71-3.00 (1H, brd m), 3.60-3.65 (1H, m),3.71-3.80 (1H, m), 4.08-4.37 (2H, brd m), 4.70 (1H, d), 7.32 (1H, dd),7.65-7.80 (3H, m), 8.33-8.52 (1H, brd m), 10.37 (1H, s) II-45 493.4(DMSO) 0.94 (6H, dd), 1.72-1.99 (10H, m), 2.36-2.52 (2H, m), 3.57-3.68(1H, m), 3.76-3.88 (1H, m), 4.20-4.43 (2H, m), 4.51-4.55 (1H, m), 7.30(1H, dd), 7.58-7.77 (3H, m), 8.00-8.04 (1H, m), 10.34 (1H, s) II-46510.5 (DMSO) 0.95-1.0 (6H, m), 1.25 (6H, d), 1.85-2.2 (4H, m), 3.0-3.1(1H, m), 3.9-4.0 (3H, m), 4.2-4.3 (0.5H, m), 4.4-4.5 (0.5H, m), 4.7-4.8(1H, m), 6.9-6.95 (1H, d), 6.99 (1H, s), 7.3 (1H, d), 8.3-8.4 (1H, m)II-47 482.5 (DMSO) 1.05 (9H, m), 1.8-2.1 (4H, m), 2.6-2.7 (1H, m),2.9-3.0 (2H, m), 3.6-3.7 (2H, m), 3.8-3.9 (1H, m), 4.0-4.1 (1H, m),4.2-4.3 (1H, m), 4.6-4.65 (1H, m), 5.5-5.55 (1H, m), 6.75-6.85 (2H, m),7.35 (1H, d), 7.75 (1H, d), 8.0-8.1 (1H, m), 8.35 (1H, m), 10.25 (1H, s)II-48 510.5 (DMSO) 1.03 (9H, s), 1.80-2.10 (4H, m), 3.00 (1H, br s),3.30 (3H, s), 3.66 (1H, m), 3.81 (1H, m), 4.06 (1H, m), 4.25 (1H, m),4.44 (2H, s), 4.65 (1H, d), 5.46 1H, br s), 7.29-7.39 (3H, m), 7.77 (1H,br s), 8.43 (1H, m) II-49 551.5 (DMSO) 1.03 (9H, s), 1.09 (3H, m), 1.11(3H, m), 1.79-2.15 (4H, m), 2.32 (1H, m), 2.98 (1H, m), 3.51 (1H, m),3.79 (1H, m), 4.10 (1H, m), 4.23 (1H, m), 4.40-4.65 (2H, m), 5.45-5.73(1H, m), 7.35 (1H, m), 7.49 (1H, m), 7.76-7.84 (2H, m), 8.23-8.60 (2H,m), 10.11 (1H, s) II-50 493.3 (DMSO) 0.92-1.19 (4H, m), 1.49-1.90 (9H,m), 1.91-1.99 (2H, m), 2.06 (4H, brd s), 2.49-2.52 (2H, m), 3.57-3.68(1H, m), 3.80-3.90 (1H, m), 4.01-4.28 (2H, m), 4.46 (1H, t), 7.32 (1H,d), 7.43 (1H, dd), 7.81 (2H, brd s), 8.31-8.78 (1H, m), 8.46 (1H, d),10.22 (1H, s) II-51 539.3 (DMSO) 0.90-1.07 (9H, s, tBu), 1.70-2.40 (4H,brm, CH2), 2.54-3.07 (1H, m, CH2), 3.52-3.88 (5H, m, CH3, CH), 4.00-4.65(3H, m, CH), 5.40-5.80 (1H, m, CH), 7.30-7.44 (2H, m, aryl H), 7.60 (1H,m, aryl H), 7.67 (1H, br, NH), 8.10-8.70 (2H, m, NH), 10.00 (1H, m, CH)II-52 558.3 (DMSO) 0.91-1.11 (9H, s, tBu), 1.70-2.41 (4H, m, CH2),2.56-3.09 (1H, m, CH2), 3.60-3.90 (2H, m, CH), 4.14-4.72 (3H, m, CH),5.38-5.80 (1H, m, CH), 6.98 (2H, m, aryl H), 7.07-7.20 (3H, m, aryl H),7.31-7.46 (3H, m, aryl H), 7.66-8.67 (3H, m, NH, OH) II-53 467 (DMSO)0.83-1.04 (6H, m), 1.81-2.08 (5H, m), 3.34-3.63 (1H, m), 3.84-3.90 (1H,m), 4.00-4.60 (3H, m), 5.29-5.75 (2H, m), 6.53-6.59 (1H, m), 6.70-6.90(1H, m), 7.20-7.35 (0.5H, m), 7.78 (0.5H. brs), 8.43-8.60 (2H, m) II-55502.6 (DMSO) 0.96 (1H, s). 1.03 (9H, s), 1.30-1.39 (2H, m), 1.68-1.71(2H, m), 1.79-1.82 (1H, m), 1.97 (1H, brd), 2.11 (3H, s), 3.79 (3H, s),3.84 (1H, vbrs), 4.09 (1H, vbrs), 4.56-4.58 (1H, m), 4.67 (1H, d), 6.81(1H, d), 7.00 (1H, d), 7.19 (1H, t), 7.79 (0.5H, vbrs), 7.93 (1H, brd),8.42 (0.5H, vbrs) II-56 492.5 (CDCl3) 1.08-1.14 (9H, m), 1.85-2.05 (4H,m), 2.32-2.45 (1H, m), 2.79-2.85 (1H, m), 3.01-3.07 (1H, m), 4.13-4.17(1H, m), 4.53-4.70 (1H, m), 4.98 (1H, t), 5.70 and 5.81 (1H total, brsand brd), 6.91-7.00 (1H, m), 7.34-7.44 (3H, m), 7.67-7.75 (1H, m) II-57549.5 (DMSO) 1.03 (9H, s), 1.31-1.38 (2H, m), 1.62-1.74 (3H, m), 1.98(1H, brt), 2.07 (3H, s), 2.36 (1H, vbrs), 2.83 (1H, vbrs), 3.84 (1H,brs), 4.17 (1H, vbrs), 4.54-4.57 (1H, m), 4.70 (1H, d), 7.34 (1H, d),7.42-7.45 (1H, m), 8.16 (1H, t), 8.37 (1H, brs), 10.23 (1H, s) II-58563.5 (CD3OD) 1.17 (9H, s), 1.21 (3H, t), 1.41-1.55 (2H, m), 1.75-1.90(3H, m), 2.03-2.19 (1H, m), 2.37-2.50 (3H, m), 2.58-2.78 (2H, m),3.87-4.02 (1H, m), 4.20-4.30 (1H, m), 4.55-4.70 (2H, m), 4.91 (1H,obscured), 7.45 (1H, d), 7.51 (1H, d), 7.85 (1H, s), 8.29 (1H, d) II-59577.5 (DMSO) 1.05 (9H, s), 1.15 (6H, d), 1.35-1.5 (2H, m), 1.75-1.9 (3H,m), 2.0-2.1 (1H, m), 2.3-2.45 (1H, m), 2.7-2.9 (1H, m), 4.05-4.15 (1H,m), 4.65 (1H, s), 4.7-4.75 (1H, m), 7.15 (1H, d), 7.35 (1H, t), 7.7 (1H,d), 8.4-8.55 (2H, m), 9.5 (1H, s) II-60 506.5 (DMSO) 1.03 (9H, s),1.31-1.38 (2H, m), 1.68 (3H, m), 2.30-2.33 (2H, m), 2.67 (0.5H, brs),2.99 (0.5H, brs), 3.34 (0.5H, brs), 3.76 (3H, s), 4.04 (0.5H, m), 4.58(1H, s), 4.72 (1H, d), 7.09-7.12 (1H, m), 7.16-7.20 (1H, m), 7.26-7.30(1H, m), 7.78 (0, 5H, vbrs), 8.02 (1H, brs), 8.42 (0.5H, vbrs) II-61492.8 (DMSO) 0.95 (3H, d), 0.10 (3H, d), 1.17 (1H, m), 1.32 (1H, m),1.64-1.80 (3H, m), 2.00 (1H, m), 2.30 (1H, br s), 2.67 (0.5H, br s),2.99 (0.5H, br s), 3.75 (0.5H, br s), 3.85 (3H, s), 4.06 (0.5H, m),4.50-4.55 (2H, m), 5.42 (1H, br s), 7.07 (1H, m), 7.17 (1H, m), 7.26(1H, m), 7.80 (1H, br s), 8.35 (1H, m) II-62 549.5 DMSO) δ 1.04 (9H, s),1.29-1.34 (2H, m), 1.59-1.67 (3H, m), 1.91-1.97 (1H, m), 2.13 (3H, s),2.96 (1H, vbrs), 3.77 (1H, vbrs), 4.10 (1H, vbrs), 4.72 (1H, s), 4.76(1H, d), 7.80-7.83 (1H, m), 7.88-7.91 (1H, m), 8.00-8.02 (1H, m),8.18-8.24 (12H, m), 8.39 (1H, vbrs), 9.62 (1H, s) II-63 563.5 (DMSO)1.05 (9H, s), 1.09 (3H, t), 1.19-1.37 (3H, m), 1.47-1.77 (3H, m),1.91-1.99 (1H, m), 2.28 (0.5H, brdd), 2.48 (2H, q), 2.63-2.74 (1H, m),3.01 (0.5H, dd), 3.63 (0.5H, s), 3.78-4.37 (2H, total, m), 4.42-4.59(1H. m), 4.75 (1H, d), 5.42 (0.5H, d), 7.76 (0.5H, d), 7.80-7.83 (1H,m), 7.87 (1H, d), 8.01 (1H, m), 8.08-8.15 (1H, m), 8.36 (0.5H, d), 9.53(1H, s) II-64 509.5 (DMSO) 1.07 (9H, s), 1.34-1.37 (2H, m), 1.64-1.72(3H, m), 1.95-2.04 (1H, m), 2.31-2.35 (1H, m), 2.65-2.70 (1H, m),3.01-3.03 (1H, m), 3.99 (0.5H, m), 4.26-4.28 (0.5H, m), 4.68 (1H, s),4.82 (1H, d), 5.45 (0.5H, s), 7.73-7.86 (3H, m), 8.05-8.08 (2H, m), 8.49(0.5H, d), 8.57-8.59 (1H, m), 8.69 (0.5H, d), 9.15 (1H, d) II-65 507.5(DMSO) 1.02 (9H, s), 1.28-1.34 (2H, m), 1.57-1.64 (3H, m), 1.90-1.96(1H, m), 3.72-3.80 (1H, m), 4.50 (1H, brs), 4.72-4.74 (1H, m), 5.91 (1H,s), 6.76 (1H, d), 7.58-7.61 (1H, m), 7.81-7.83 (1H, m) II-66 493.5 /

Example III Biological Methods

Compounds of this invention may be tested using the methods describedbelow. Table 5 lists caspase-1 and caspase-8 enzyme inhibition data forcompounds II-1-II-25. In the Table, compounds with a Ki of <10 areassigned category A, compounds with a Ki of 10-20 are assigned categoryB, and compounds with a Ki of 21-30 are assigned category C.

In Vitro Assays Enzyme Inhibition

Ki values for test compounds with caspase-1 and caspase-8 were obtainedby the method of Margolin et al. (J. Biol. Chem., 272 pp. 7223-7228(1997)). Other caspases may be assayed similarly (see, e.g., WO99/47545). Assays were performed in 10 mM Tris (Sigma Corp, St LouisMo.) pH 7.5, 1 mM Dithiothreitol (DTT, Research Organic INC, Cleveland,Ohio) and 0.1% CHAPS (Pierce, Rockford Ill.) at 37° C. For caspase-3, asolution of 8% glycerol was added to the assay buffer to improve enzymestability. A 65 μL aliquot of the assay buffer and 5 μL aliquot of theappropriate dilutions of inhibitor in DMSO where pipetted into a 96 wellplate, treated with 10 μL of caspase, then diluted in assay buffer(0.5-40 nM active protein by active site titration). A controlcontaining DMSO but no compound was included for each determination. Theplates were then incubated for 15 minutes at 37° C., before addition ofthe appropriate substrate (20 μL, final concentration 1-4×K_(M), finalassay volume 100 μL) to initiate the reaction. Reaction rates weremeasured at 37° C. either by following the time dependant increase inabsorbance at 405 nM (for the pNA substrates) or in fluorescence (Ex390, Em 460) (for the AMC substrates). The rates obtained were plottedagainst inhibitor concentration and the data fit to the Morrisontight-binding equation for competitive inhibitors (Morrison, J. F.,Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 185 pp. 269-286 (1969)). The substrates used forthe individual assays were as follows:

Caspase-1 Suc-YVAD-pNA (Bachem, King of Prussia, Pa.) (finalconcentration in the assay 80 μM);

Caspase-8 Ac-DEVD-pNA (Bachem, King of Prussia, Pa.) (finalconcentration in assay 80 μM).

TABLE 5 Caspase-1 (C1) and caspase-8 (c8) inhibition data. Ki C1 Ki C8Compound (nM) (nM) II-1 A A II-2 A A II-3 A A II-4 A B II-5 A B II-6 A AII-7 A B II-8 A B II-9 A B II-10 A B II-11 A C II-12 A B II-13 B B II-14B A II-15 A C II-16 A C II-17 A A II-18 A B II-19 B A II-20 A A II-21 AC II-22 A C II-23 A C II-24 A C II-25 A C II-26 A A II-27 A A II-28 A AII-29 A A II-30 A A II-31 A A II-32 A A II-33 A A II-34 A A II-35 A AII-36 A A II-37 A B II-38 A A II-39 A A II-40 A B II-41 A A II-42 A BII-43 A A II-44 A A II-45 A A II-46 A C II-47 A A II-48 A A II-49 A AII-50 A C II-51 A A II-52 A A II-53 A C II-55 A A II-56 A A II-57 A AII-58 A A II-59 A A II-60 A A II-61 A A II-62 A B II-63 A B II-64 B BII-65 A A II-66 B A

PBMC Cell Assay

IL-1β Assay with a Mixed Population of Human Peripheral BloodMononuclear Cells (PBMC) or Enriched Adherent Mononuclear Cells

Processing of pre-IL-1β by ICE may be measured in cell culture using avariety of cell sources. Human PBMC obtained from healthy donorsprovides a mixed population of lymphocyte subtypes and mononuclear cellsthat produce a spectrum of interleukins and cytokines in response tomany classes of physiological stimulators. Adherent mononuclear cellsfrom PBMC provides an enriched source of normal monocytes for selectivestudies of cytokine production by activated cells.

Experimental Procedure:

An initial dilution series of test compound in DMSO or ethanol isprepared, with a subsequent dilution into RPMI-10% FBS media (containing2 mM L-glutamine, 10 mM HEPES, 50 U and 50 ug/ml pen/strep) respectivelyto yield drugs at 4× the final test concentration containing 0.4% DMSOor 0.4% ethanol. The final concentration of DMSO is 0.1% for all drugdilutions. A concentration titration which brackets the apparent K_(i)for a test compound determined in an ICE inhibition assay is generallyused for the primary compound screen.

Generally 5-6 compound dilutions are tested and the cellular componentof the assay is performed in duplicate, with duplicate ELISAdeterminations on each cell culture supernatant.

PBMC Isolation and IL-1 Assay:

Buffy coat cells isolated from one pint human blood (yielding 40-45 mlfinal volume plasma plus cells) are diluted with media to 80 ml andLeukoPREP separation tubes (Becton Dickinson) are each overlaid with 10ml of cell suspension. After 15 min centrifugation at 1500-1800×g, theplasma/media layer is aspirated and then the mononuclear cell layer iscollected with a Pasteur pipette and transferred to a 15 ml conicalcentrifuge tube (Corning). Media is added to bring the volume to 15 ml,gently mix the cells by inversion and centrifuge at 300×g for 15 min.The PBMC pellet is resuspended in a small volume of media, the cells arecounted and adjusted to 6×10⁶ cells/ml.

For the cellular assay, 1.0 ml of the cell suspension is added to eachwell of a 24-well flat bottom tissue culture plate (Corning), 0.5 mltest compound dilution and 0.5 ml LPS solution (Sigma #L-3012; 20 ng/mlsolution prepared in complete RPMI media; final LPS concentration 5ng/ml). The 0.5 ml additions of test compound and LPS are usuallysufficient to mix the contents of the wells. Three control mixtures arerun per experiment, with either LPS alone, solvent vehicle control,and/or additional media to adjust the final culture volume to 2.0 ml.The cell cultures are incubated for 16-18 hr at 37° C. in the presenceof 5% CO₂.

At the end of the incubation period, cells are harvested and transferredto 15 ml conical centrifuge tubes. After centrifugation for 10 min at200×g, supernatants are harvested and transferred to 1.5 ml Eppendorftubes. It may be noted that the cell pellet may be utilized for abiochemical evaluation of pre-IL-1β and/or mature IL-1β content incytosol extracts by Western blotting or ELISA with pre-IL-1β specificantisera.

Isolation of Adherent Mononuclear Cells:

PBMC are isolated and prepared as described above. Media (1.0 ml) isfirst added to wells followed by 0.5 ml of the PBMC suspension. After aone hour incubation, plates are gently shaken and nonadherent cellsaspirated from each well. Wells are then gently washed three times with1.0 ml of media and final resuspended in 1.0 ml media. The enrichmentfor adherent cells generally yields 2.5-3.0×10⁵ cells per well. Theaddition of test compounds, LPS, cell incubation conditions andprocessing of supernatants proceeds as described above.

ELISA:

Quantikine kits (R&D Systems) may be used for the measurement of matureIL-1β. Assays are performed according to the manufacturer's directions.Mature IL-1β levels of about 1-3 ng/ml in both PBMC and adherentmononuclear cell positive controls are observed. ELISA assays areperformed on 1:5, 1:10 and 1:20 dilutions of supernatants fromLPS-positive controls to select the optimal dilution for supernatants inthe test panel.

The inhibitory potency of the compounds can be represented by an IC₅₀value, which is the concentration of inhibitor at which 50% of matureIL-1β is detected in the supernatant as compared to the positivecontrols.

The skilled practitioner realizes that values obtained in cell assaysmay depend on multiple factors. The values may not necessarily representfine quantitative results.

Selected compounds of this invention have been tested for inhibition ofIL-1β release from PBMCs with IC50 values between 300 nM and 4 μM.

Whole Blood Assay for IL-1β Production

Whole blood assay IC₅₀ values for compounds of this invention may beobtained using the method described below:

Purpose:

The whole blood assay is a simple method for measuring the production ofIL-1β (or other cytokines) and the activity of potential inhibitors. Thecomplexity of this assay system, with its full complement of lymphoidand inflammatory cell types, spectrum of plasma proteins and red bloodcells is an ideal in vitro representation of human in vivo physiologicconditions.

Materials: Pyrogen-free Syringes (˜30 cc)

Pyrogen-free sterile vacuum tubes containing lyophilizedNa₂EDTA (4.5 mg/10 ml tube)Human whole blood sample (˜30-50 cc)1.5 ml Eppendorf tubesTest compound stock solutions (˜25 mM in DMSO or other solvent)Endotoxin—free sodium chloride solution (0.9%) and HBSSLipopolysaccharide (Sigma; Cat.# L-3012) stock solution at 1 mg/ml inHBSS

IL-1β ELISA Kit (R & D Systems; Cat # DLB50) TNFα ELISA Kit (R & DSystems; Cat # DTA50)

Water bath or incubator

Whole Blood Assay Experimental Procedure:

Set incubator or water bath at 30° C. Aliquot 0.25 ml of blood into 1.5ml eppendorf tubes. Note: be sure to invert the whole blood sample tubesafter every two aliquots. Differences in replicates may result if thecells sediment and are not uniformly suspended. Use of a positivedisplacement pipette will also minimize differences between replicatealiquots.

Prepare drug dilutions in sterile pyrogen-free saline by serialdilution. A dilution series which brackets the apparent K_(i) for a testcompound determined in an ICE inhibition assay is generally used for theprimary compound screen. For extremely hydrophobic compounds, preparecompound dilutions in fresh plasma obtained from the same blood donor orin PBS-containing 5% DMSO to enhance solubility.

Add 25 μl test compound dilution or vehicle control and gently mix thesample. Then add 5.0 μl LPS solution (250 ng/ml stocked prepared fresh:5.0 ng/ml final concentration LPS), and mix again. Incubate the tubes at30° C. in a water bath for 16-18 hr with occasional mixing.Alternatively, the tubes can be placed in a rotator set at 4 rpm for thesame incubation period. This assay should be set up in duplicate ortriplicate with the following controls: negative control—no LPS;positive control—no test inhibitor; vehicle control—the highestconcentration of DMSO or compound solvent used in the experiment.Additional saline is added to all control tubes to normalize volumes forboth control and experimental whole blood test samples.

After the incubation period, whole blood samples are centrifuged for 10minutes at ˜2000 rpm in the microfuge, plasma is transferred to a freshmicrofuge tube and centrifuged at 1000×g to pellet residual platelets ifnecessary. Plasma samples may be stored frozen at −70° C. prior to assayfor cytokine levels by ELISA.

ELISA:

R & D Systems (614 McKinley Place N.E. Minneapolis, Minn. 55413)Quantikine kits may be used for measurement of IL-1β and TNF-α. Theassays are performed according to the manufacturer's directions. IL-1βlevels of ˜1-5 ng/ml in positive controls among a range of individualsmay be observed. A 1:200 dilution of plasma for all samples is usuallysufficient for experiments for ELISA results to fall on the linear rangeof the ELISA standard curves. It may be necessary to optimize standarddilutions if you observe differences in the whole blood assay. Nerad, J.L. et al., J. Leukocyte Biol., 52, pp. 687-692 (1992).

Selected compounds of this invention have been tested for inhibition ofIL-1β release from whole blood with IC50 values between 1 μM and 40 μM.

In Vivo Assays

Compounds of this invention may be tested in in vivo assays such asthose described in WO 99/47545.

WO 99/47545 and all the other documents cited herein are herebyincorporated by reference.

While we have described a number of embodiments of this invention, it isapparent that our basic examples may be altered to provide otherembodiments which utilize the compounds and methods of this invention.Therefore, it will be appreciated that the scope of this invention is tobe defined by the appended claims rather than by the specificembodiments that have been represented by way of example above.

1-36. (canceled)
 37. A process for preparing a compound of formula I:

wherein Y is:

R¹ is H, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, cycloalkenyl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁸ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; Ring A is:

wherein, in each ring, any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁴ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; when Ring A is

then R is R³C(O)—, HC(O), R³SO₂—, R³OC(O), (R³)₂NC(O), (R³)(H)NC(O), R³C(O)C(O)—, R³—, (R³)₂NC(O)C(O), (R³)(H)NC(O)C(O), or R³OC(O)C(O)—; and R³ is C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; or two R³ groups bound to the same atom form together with that atom a 3-10 membered aromatic or nonaromatic ring; wherein any ring is optionally fused to an C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, or 5-10 membered heterocyclyl; wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms may be replaced by a group selected from O, N, NR⁹, S, SO, and SO₂, wherein R³ is substituted with up to 6 substituents independently selected from R^(8′); when Ring A is

then R is R³C(O)—, as shown in formula II,

and R³ is phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine, wherein each ring is optionally substituted with up to 5 groups independently selected from R^(8′), and wherein at least one position on the phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine adjacent to bond x is substituted by R¹², wherein R¹² has no more than 5 straight-chained atoms; R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂—CN —CF₃, —OCF₁, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹—SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂—N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, or —P(O)(H)(OR⁹); R² is —C(R⁵)(R⁶)(R⁷), C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl; R⁵ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl; R⁶ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl; R⁷ is —CF₃, —C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, heterocycle, or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl, wherein each carbon atom of the alkyl is optionally and independently substituted with R¹⁰; or R⁵ and R⁷ taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-10 membered cycloaliphatic; R⁸ and R^(8′) are each independently halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂—SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, and —P(O)(H)(OR⁹); R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or heteroaryl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R¹³ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; R¹⁰ is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃—OCF₃, —R¹¹, or —SR¹¹; wherein R¹¹ is C₁₋₄-aliphatic-; R¹¹ is C₁₋₄-aliphatic-; R¹² is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂—CN —CF₃—OCF₃, —R¹¹, or —SR⁹; R¹³ is —OR¹⁴, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R¹⁴, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R¹⁴)₂, —SR¹⁴, —SOR¹⁴, —SO₇R¹⁴—SO₂N(R¹⁴)₂—SO₃R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R¹⁴—C(S)R¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —OC(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —OC(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(S)N(R¹⁴)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)N(R¹⁴)COR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)N(R¹⁴)CON(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)SO₂R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)SO₂N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(S)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(S)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(COR¹⁴)COR¹⁴, —N(OR¹⁴)R¹⁴, —C(═NH)N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)N(OR¹⁴)R¹⁴, —C(═NOR¹⁴)R¹⁴, —OP(O)(OR¹⁴)₂, —P(O)(R¹⁴)₂, —P(O)(OR¹⁴)₂, and —P(O)(H)(OR¹⁴); R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic), (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or heteroaryl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; comprising reacting a compound of formula 1:

wherein R¹, R², and Ring A are as defined above; and a compound of formula RX, wherein R is as defined above and —X is OH or an appropriate derivative or leaving group, in the presence of conditions for coupling an amine and an acid (when X is OH) or appropriate acid derivative (when X is an appropriate leaving group) to provide the compound of formula I.
 38. A process for preparing a compound of formula I:

wherein Y is:

R¹ is H, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, cycloalkenyl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁸ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; Ring A is:

wherein, in each ring, any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁴ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; when Ring A is

then R is R³C(O)—, HC(O), R³SO₂—, R³OC(O), (R³)₂NC(O), (R³)(H)NC(O), R³C(O)C(O)—, R³—, (R³)₂NC(O)C(O), (R³)(H)NC(O)C(O), or R³OC(O)C(O)—; and R³ is C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀-cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; or two R³ groups bound to the same atom form together with that atom a 3-10 membered aromatic or nonaromatic ring; wherein any ring is optionally fused to an C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl, or 5-10 membered heterocyclyl; wherein up to 3 aliphatic carbon atoms may be replaced by a group selected from O, N, NR⁹, S, SO, and SO₂, wherein R³ is substituted with up to 6 substituents independently selected from R^(8′); when Ring A is

then R is R³C(O)—, as shown in formula II,

and R³ is phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine, wherein each ring is optionally substituted with up to 5 groups independently selected from R^(8′), and wherein at least one position on the phenyl, thiophene, or pyridine adjacent to bond x is substituted by R¹², wherein R¹² has no more than 5 straight-chained atoms; R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹—SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, or —P(O)(H)(OR⁹); R² is —C(R⁵)(R⁶)(R⁷), C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, or C₃₋₇ cycloalkyl; R⁵ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl; R⁶ is H or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl; R⁷ is —CF₃, —C₃₋₇cycloalkyl, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, heterocycle, or a C₁₋₆ straight-chained or branched alkyl, wherein each carbon atom of the alkyl is optionally and independently substituted with R¹⁰; or R⁵ and R⁷ taken together with the carbon atom to which they are attached form a 3-10 membered cycloaliphatic; R⁸ and R^(8′) are each independently halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹, —SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂ and —P(O)(H)(OR⁹); R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or heteroaryl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R¹³ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; R¹² is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃—OCF₃, —R¹¹, or —SR¹¹; wherein R¹¹ is C₁₋₄-aliphatic-; R¹¹ is C₁₋₄-aliphatic-; R¹² is halogen, —OR¹¹, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R¹¹, or —SR⁹; R¹³ is —OR¹⁴, —NO₂, —CN, —CF₃, —OCF₃, —R¹⁴, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R¹⁴)₂, —SR¹⁴, —SOR¹⁴, —SO₂R¹⁴—SO₂N(R¹⁴)₂, —SO₃R¹⁴, —C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)C(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)C(O)OR¹⁴, —C(O)C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R¹⁴—C(S)R¹⁴, —C(S)OR¹⁴, —C(O)OR¹⁴, —OC(O)R¹⁴, —C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —OC(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(S)N(R¹⁴)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)N(R¹⁴)COR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)N(R¹⁴)CON(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)SO₂R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)SO₂N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)OR¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(S)R¹⁴, —N(R¹⁴)C(O)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(R¹⁴)C(S)N(R¹⁴)₂, —N(COR¹⁴)COR¹⁴, —N(OR¹⁴)R¹⁴, —C(═NH)N(R¹⁴)₂, —C(O)N(OR¹⁴)R¹⁴, —C(═NOR¹⁴)R¹⁴, —OP(O)(OR¹⁴)₂, —P(O)(R¹⁴)₂, —P(O)(OR¹⁴)₂, and —P(O)(H)(OR¹⁴); R¹⁴ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or heteroaryl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; comprising reacting a compound of formula 7-A:

wherein Ring A and R¹ are as defined above; and a compound of formula RNHCH(R²)C(O)X, wherein X is OH or an appropriate derivative or leaving group, in the presence of conditions for coupling an amine and an acid (when X is OH) or appropriate acid derivative (when X is not OH) to provide the compound of formula I.
 39. The process of claim 37, further comprising the step of reacting the compound of formula I:

wherein Y is:

under hydrolysis conditions, to provide a compound of formula II


40. A process for preparing a compound of formula 3-A:

wherein PG₁ is a suitable carboxylic acid protecting group; PG₂ is a suitable nitrogen-protecting group; Ring A is:

wherein, in each ring, any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁴ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂—CN —CF₃, —OCF₁, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SOR⁹, —SO₂R⁹—SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, or —P(O)(H)(OR⁹); R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic), or heteroaryl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R¹³ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; comprising: reacting a compound of formula 2-A:

wherein PG₁ is as defined above; and a compound of formula 20-A:

wherein PG₂ and Ring A are as defined above; X is OH or an appropriate leaving group, under conditions for coupling an amine and a carboxylic acid (when X is OH) or an amine and an appropriate carboxylic acid (when X is an appropriate leaving group) to provide the compound of formula 3-A.
 41. The process of claim 40, wherein Ring A is


42. The process of claim 40, wherein Ring A is


43. A compound selected from the following:

wherein PG₁ is a suitable carboxylic acid protecting group; PG₂ is a suitable nitrogen-protecting group; Z is a Z-type protecting group; R¹ is H, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloalkyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, cycloalkenyl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or (5-10 membered heteroaryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁸ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; Ring A is:

wherein, in each ring, any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R⁴ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl; R⁴ is halogen, —OR⁹, —NO₂—CN, —CF₃, —OCF₁, —R⁹, 1,2-methylenedioxy, 1,2-ethylenedioxy, —N(R⁹)₂, —SR⁹, —SO₇R⁹—SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —SO₃R⁹, —C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)R⁹, —C(O)C(O)OR⁹, —C(O)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)CH₂C(O)R⁹, —C(S)R⁹, —C(S)OR⁹, —C(O)OR⁹, —OC(O)R⁹, —C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —OC(O)N(R⁹)₂, —C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —(CH₂)₀₋₂NHC(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)COR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)N(R⁹)CON(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)SO₂R⁹, —N(R⁹)SO₂N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(O)OR⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(S)R⁹, —N(R⁹)C(O)N(R⁹)₂, —N(R⁹)C(S)N(R⁹)₂, —N(COR⁹)COR⁹, —N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NH)N(R⁹)₂, —C(O)N(OR⁹)R⁹, —C(═NOR⁹)R⁹, —OP(O)(OR⁹)₂, —P(O)(R⁹)₂, —P(O)(OR⁹)₂, or —P(O)(H)(OR⁹); R⁹ is hydrogen, C₁₋₁₂aliphatic, C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic, C₆₋₁₀aryl, 5-10 membered heterocyclyl, 5-10 membered heteroaryl, (C₃₋₁₀cycloaliphatic)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (C₆₋₁₀aryl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, (5-10 membered heterocyclyl)-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-, or heteroaryl-(C₁₋₁₂aliphatic)-; wherein any hydrogen atom is optionally and independently replaced by R¹³ and any set of two hydrogen atoms bound to the same atom is optionally and independently replaced by carbonyl. 44-51. (canceled)
 52. The process of claim 38, further comprising the step of reacting the compound of

wherein Y is:

under hydrolysis conditions, to provide a compound of formula II 